Metabolism Flashcards
What are the favored fuels of living cells?
Carbohydrates and fats
External respiration
- Air into lungs
- Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
Internal respiration
- Gas exchange between blood and cells
- Intracellular process of respiration
C-H bonds…
are rich in energy.
Net reaction of Glycolysis…
Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ —>
2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O
How does glycolysis produce ATP?
Substrate level phosphorylation
How many ATPs are formed from fermentation?
2ATP
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
- Pyruvate decarboxylation
- Citric Acid Cycle
- ETC
How many ATP are produced in cellular respiration for humans? Bacteria?
36ATP
38ATP
Pyruvate decarboxylation forms
- Acetyl-coA
- 1NADH
Citric acid cycle forms…
- 3NADH
- 2CO2
- 1ATP
- 1FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
- High energy e- transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen
- Produces 32ATP
How many ATP’s are produced from each NADH and FADH2?
-3,2
Which direction are protons actively pumped to?
From the matrix into the intermembrane space
Why do bacteria produce more ATP?
The 2NADH do not have to cross the mitochondrial membrane so they don’t lost an ATP
What is the preferential order of energy sources?
-Glucose –> Other Carbs –> Fats –> Proteins
Which energy source produces the most ATP?
Fats
Once fatty acid is activated, where does it go?
Mitochondrion –> beta oxidation cycles to convert to acetyl-coA
-Each oxidation cycle produces one NADH and one FADH2
Proteins
- Transamination reactions remove an amino group leaving alpha keto acid
- C atoms converted to acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, or TCA int
Competitive inhibition
- Vmax unaffected
- Km is increased
Noncompetitive inhibition
- Irreversible
- Decrease Vmax, Km
Cofactors
- Nonprotein molecules
- Can be metal cations
Coenzymes
- Nonprotein
- Small organic molecules
- Mostly unable to be synthesized by body
- Vitamins
Prosthetic groups
-Covalently attached to enzyme
