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Biology Honors > Reproduction And Meiosis > Flashcards

Reproduction And Meiosis Flashcards

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0
Q

What happens during interphase 1

A

G1-grows/develops
S-DNA copied
G2-continues to get ready to divide

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1
Q

Meiosis is the process by which our ______ reproduce

A

Gametes

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2
Q

The original parent cell has ______ chromosomes and is called a _______ cell

A

46, diploid

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3
Q

During prophase 1 what happens

A

The nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down
Centrioles form spindle fibers
Synapsids makes tetrads
Crossing over can take place

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4
Q

What is another name for meiosis

A

Reduction division

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5
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Spindle fibers move tetrads to equator

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6
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Spindle fibers pull tetrads apart

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7
Q

Telophase 1

A

Nucleolus and nuclear membrane are reformed
Spindle fibers break apart
A cleavage furrow forms which marks the end of telophase

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8
Q

Cytokinesis 1

A

Cytoplasm divided equally

2 haploid cells formed

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9
Q

Interphase two

A

DNA not copied, normally skipped

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10
Q

Prophase 2

A

Nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down

Centrioles form spindle fibers

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11
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Spindle fibers move chromosomes to equator

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12
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart

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13
Q

Telophase 2

A

The nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform
Cleavage furrow forms
Spindle fibers break apart

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14
Q

Cytokinesis 2

A

The cytoplasm divided equally

4 haploid cells

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15
Q

Male process

A

Spermatogenesis results in 4 spermatids

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16
Q

Female process

A

Oogenesis forms 1 large egg and 3 small polar bodies

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17
Q

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

A
  • Mitosis has only one cell division and produces diploid cells and two identical daughter cells and homologous pairs do not line up
  • Meiosis has two cell division, produces haploid cells, four genetically diverse cells, and homologous pairs only lineup in meiosis one
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18
Q

During what week do changes start to occur to fertilized zygotes

A

7

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19
Q

Why do males and females change

A

Gonads begin to produce different steroid hormones

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20
Q

Where does puberty start

A

The brain

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21
Q

What does the pituitary gland do

A

Produce follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

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22
Q

Testis

A

Male reproductive organ on scrotum that produces sperm

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23
Q

Penis

A

Male reproductive organ that delivers the sperm to the vagina

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24
Q

Epididymis

A

Tube in which spermatids mature

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25
Q

Vas deferens

A

Tube which carries mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

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26
Q

Urethra

A

Allows urine and sperm to travel( not at the same time)

27
Q

Seminal vesicle and prostate

A

Produce seminal vesicle

28
Q

What does seminal fluid do

A

It nourishes and protects the sperm from the acidic female environment

29
Q

The head of the sperm

A

Contains DNA and an enzyme that allows entry into the egg

30
Q

Midpiece

A

Contains mitochondria for energy

31
Q

Tail

A

Locomotion(flagella)

32
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce eggs

33
Q

Fallopian tube

A

Carries egg to uterus

34
Q

Uterus

A

Hollow muscular organ that acts as the womb

35
Q

Cervix

A

Opening of the uterus

36
Q

Vagina

A

Birth canal

37
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

38
Q

How does fertilization take place

A

After a single sperm enters the egg, a barrier is out up to keep other sperm out

39
Q

Where does fertilization take place

A

Fallopian tubes

40
Q

What is the ball of totipotent cells that the zygote becomes

A

Morula

41
Q

What is the blastocyst

A

A hollow ball that is formed and 6-7 days after fertilization, it attaches itself into the uterus wall, tis is called implantation

42
Q

What is the outer ring of cells

A

The placenta

43
Q

What do the inner cells become

A

Embryo

44
Q

Embryo

A

Developmental stage in which cells become specialized

45
Q

Differentiation

A

Process by which cells become specialized

46
Q

Totipotent cells

A

Can develop into any type of body cell and cells of the extraembryonic membrane or placenta

47
Q

After about four days what happens

A

Single cell becomes a hollow ball of cells surrounding an inner mass of cells called the blastocyst

48
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cells that can develop into many cells but not every type

49
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells which from which differentiated cells develop

50
Q

Embryonic stem cells are what

A

Pluripotent

51
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Group of cells that differentiate and replace old cells

Multi potent

52
Q

Benefits of stem cell research

A

They can be used to repair or replace damaged cells

53
Q

Ethical issues

A

Embryonic stem cell research kills the embryo

54
Q

What are some solutions to embryonic stem cell research

A

A new technique that doesn’t harm the embryo, and reprogramming adult stem cells to become pluripotent

55
Q

Gasturalation

A

Cells differentiate into 3 germ cells

56
Q

Endoderm

A

Organ lining

57
Q

Ectoderm

A

Skin/nervous system

58
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscles/skeletal system

59
Q

Neurulation

A

Formation of the nervous system. First the neural tube forms which will become the brain and spinal cord.

60
Q

Placenta

A

Organ that can next mother and embryo (only organ to regrow)

Supplies oxygen and nutrients and gets rid of waste

61
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Intense blood vessels that attached embryo to placenta

62
Q

Amniotic sac

A

Surrounds embryo and contains amniotic fluid what cushions the baby and is what we breathe in to encourage lung development

63
Q

After 8 weeks

A

Most of the major organs and tissue are formed

Movement and reflexes

64
Q

Months 4-6

A 
Tissue becomes more complex and specialized
Heartbeat is detectable
Bone continues to replace cartilage
Hair is visible
If men can be felt by mother
65
Q

Months 7-9

A

Fetus grows in size and mass
Lungs prepare for air
Able to regulate body temperature
CNS fully developed (central nervous system)

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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