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Biology Honors > Cell Growth And Division > Flashcards

Cell Growth And Division Flashcards

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0
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Produces identical offspring from 1 parent

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1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Produces genetically diverse offspring from 2 parents

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction advantages/disadvantages

A

Advantages-changing environments

Disadvantages- it takes a long time to find a mate

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3
Q

Asexual reproduction advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages- stable environment, reproduce faster

Disadvantages- changing environments all organisms equally susceptible

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4
Q

What is chromatin

A

Uncoiled DNA and proteins

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5
Q

What must happen to chromatin before cell division

A

It must be packaged into chromosomes

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6
Q

How are chromosomes formed in eukaryotes

A

DNA wraps around histomes

Only visible during cell division

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7
Q

Prokaryote chromosomes

A

Single circular chromosome

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8
Q

Eukaryotes chromosomes

A

Multiple linear chromosomes

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9
Q

How many chromosomes are found in somatic cells

A

46
44 are autosomes
2 are sex chromosomes

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10
Q

XX vs XY

A

XX is female

XY is male

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do sex cells have

A

23

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12
Q

What are the cell cycle stages

A

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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13
Q

What regulates the cell cycle

How

A

Cyclin

As the amount of Cyclin rises, the cell goes into the next phase

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14
Q

How did they discover cyclin

A

Injecting cyclin into non-dividing cells which then made spindle fibers

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15
Q

Ex of internal regulators

A

Some don’t allow mitosis to begin until all chromosomes have been copied
Some don’t allow anaphase to begin until spindle fibers attach to each chromosome

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16
Q

Why are growth factors important

A

They speed up cell division in embryonic development/ healing

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17
Q

What is apoptosis and what is the process

A

Programmed cell death
Cell and chromatin shrink
Parts of the cell membrane break apart
Neighboring cells get rid of the remains

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18
Q

What is cancer

A

A disorder in which some of the body cells loose the ability to control growth

19
Q

What is a tumor

A

A mass of cancer cells

20
Q

What are benign tumors

A

Cells remain in mass, normally harmless unless they became so large that they interfere with organs
Example: fibroid cysts

21
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Cells invade and destroy healthy tissue elsewhere in the body

22
Q

What is matastasis

A

The spread of cancer from its original source

Cells break away from original mass and travel to other parts of the body

23
Q

What is cancer categorized by

A

The type of tissue it affects

24
Q

Carcinomas

A

Grow in skin/ organ lining tissue

I.e. Lung and breast cancer

25
Q

Sarcomas

A

Tumors that grow in bone/ muscle tissue

26
Q

Lymphomas

A

Solid tumors that grow in tissues that form blood cells

Many cause leukemia

27
Q

What causes cancer

A

Mutations in genes that can occur spontaneously or due to carcinogens
Some bacteria and viruses

28
Q

Treatments of cancer

A

Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

29
Q

How to identify a mole

A

Asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving

30
Q

Why are cells small

A

1 information overload- not enough DNA to meet the demands of a large cell
2 surface area to volume ratio- cell can’t get enough materials in and out

31
Q

Interphase

A

Longest stage divided into 3 parts

32
Q

G1

A

Growth, cell does its job(makes proteins)

33
Q

S (synthesis)

A

DNA is copied

34
Q

G2

A

Copies organelles

35
Q

G0

A

Non dividing phase

36
Q

Mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

37
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin could into chromosomes
Nuclear membrane/ nucleoli a break apart
Centrioles move to opp sides of cell and make spindle fibers which attach to each centromere

38
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers move chromosomes to line up in a single line called the equator

39
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers pull centromere apart allowing chromosomes to split apart
Stops when they reach the poles

40
Q

Telophase

A

Me clear membrane/ nucleoli a reform, chromosomes uncoil into chromatin, and spindle fibers break apart

41
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm

42
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cells

A

Along cleavage furrow

43
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A

Formed by a cell plate which is made by the Golgi apparatus

44
Q

End product

A

2 daughter cells

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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