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Biology Honors > Genetic Engineering > Flashcards

Genetic Engineering Flashcards

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0
Q

What is Hybridization

A

Crossing organisms with different traits normally bigger and stronger than the parents
Ex-crossing a food plant with a non food plant that is resistant to a disease offspring have both traits

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1
Q

What is selective breeding

A

Humans choose the traits

Ex-Dogs

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2
Q

What is inbreeding

A

Crossing organisms with similar traits to maintain the desired characteristics

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3
Q

What are the cons of inbreeding

A

Greater risk of recessive genetic disorders because it is more likely that they will carry the allele
Ex-hemophilia in royal families

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4
Q

What is cull

A

Removing individuals you don’t want to produce

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5
Q

What is biotechnology

A

The application of technological processes to a living organism

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6
Q

What is a gene pool

A

All the genes and phenotypes of a specific breed

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7
Q

How do breeders increase diversity

A

Inducing mutations by using chemicals and radiation

Ex-drugs that will prevent chromosomal separation during meiosis can produce polyploid plants

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8
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

Involves making changes in DNA

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9
Q

How can DNA be extracted

A

It can be extracted from mast cells by a simple chemical process
We did this in the banana lab

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10
Q

What is transformation

A

The process in which a cell takes in dna from an organism outside the cell
-griffiths mice

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11
Q

What are plasmids

A

Small circular DNa molecules found in some bacteria

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12
Q

What is special about plasmids

A

They can replicate on their own

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13
Q

What do plasmids contain

A

They contain a sequence that promotes replication

Contain genetic markers

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14
Q

What are genetic markers

A

Genes that make it easy to distinguish the bacteria

Ex-anabiotic resistance genes are often used

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15
Q

Why do scientists cut DNA into fragments

A

Because it is too large to work with

-found answer in bacteria

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16
Q

What are restriction enzymes

A

Enzymes that cut DNA into fragments
There are hundreds of different types
Like little scissors
Each one cuts at a specific nucleotide sequence

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17
Q

Blunt vs sticky ends

A

DNA-ends end with the same complementation base: blunt end
DNA-ends end with one or more unpaired nucleotides: sticky end
There are enzyme available that cur sticky ends to blunt ends and vice versa, normally done after restriction enzymes did their job, in order to facilitate cloning.

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18
Q

What is the first step of making insulin

A

Take out plasmid DNA and human DNA

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19
Q

What is the second step of making insulin

A

Cut DNA samples with the same restriction enzyme

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20
Q

Is the third step of making insulin

A

Mix the fragments

-they join by base pairing

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21
Q

Why do you use the same restriction enzyme

A

It allows them to fit together

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22
Q

Do all of the plasmids take in the gene

A

No, others just glue back to itself

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23
Q

What is recombinant DNA

A

DNA containing two different sources of DNA

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24
Q

What is the fourth step of making insulin

A

Place plasmids back into bacteria using a mechanical vector

25
Q

What are mechanical vectors

A

Micropipette

Gene gun

26
Q

What is a gene gun

A

Shoots microscopic bullets coated in DNA

Mostly used in plants because they can break the cell wall

27
Q

What is the fifth step of making insulin

A

Allow the bacteria to produce

28
Q

What happens each time the bacteria reproduce

A

It will copy the the inserted gene

It does this because DNA is universal

29
Q

What is the end product of insulin production

A

A transgenic organism

30
Q

What is a transgenic organisms

A

An organism with genes from other organisms

31
Q

What is a polymerase chain reaction

A

A process used to make copies of DNA sample

32
Q

What are the requirements of PCR

A

•Thermocycler-provides heat to separate the DNA strands
•Primers-mall segments of DNA that bind to sample,DNA polymerase attaches to primers and begins copying DNA
•nucleotides
capable of making millions of copies in a short period of time

33
Q

Inventor of PCR

A

Kary Mallis

34
Q

Where was the DNA found that could withstand the pressure of the thermocycler

A

Yellowstone geysers

35
Q

What is gel electrophoresis

A

The process that separates DNA fragments by size

36
Q

What charge do DNA fragments have

A

Negative

37
Q

What is the first step of gel electrophoresis

A

DNA is separated

38
Q

What is the second step of gel electrophoresis

A

DNA is placed in wells on a gel plate

39
Q

What is the third step of gel electrophoresis

A

Electric current is applied and negatively charged fragments migrate towards the positive pole

40
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting

A

It analyzes sections of non coding DNA (introns) because they vary from person to person

41
Q

Process of DNA fingerprinting

A

1-DNA cut by enzymes
2-gel run the same way
3-DNA probes are used to identify specific sequences Of nucleotides
Southern blotting technique used to insert the probes

42
Q

Result of DNA fingerprinting

A

A pattern of bonds that can be distinguished as belonging to a specific individual
AKA DNA fingerprint

43
Q

Used of DNA fingerprinting

A

Paternity tests and forensics

44
Q

What is sequencing DNA

A

Scientist use PCR to make copies of unknown sample

45
Q

What is special about sequencing DNA

A

Along with A,T,C,G, they also add special bases with a chemical die

46
Q

What is the dye used for

A

The dye labeled basesterminate replication

47
Q

What is the result of the dye

A

DNA fragments are different sizes

48
Q

What is the last step in sequencing DNA

A

Gel electrophoresis can separate fragments by size

49
Q

What is DNA MicroArray used for

A

It is used to study thousands of genes at once to compare their activity levels

50
Q

What is the process of DNA MicroArray

A

Messenger RNA is removed, if the gene is active it will combined with the known genes of the MicroArray

51
Q

What is an example of a genetically mutated plant

A

A plant that produces natural insecticides

52
Q

What is the first step in cloning

A

The nucleus from egg is removed and a nucleus from a body cell is added

53
Q

What is the next step of cloning

A

The new egg is placed in surrogate

54
Q

What is an successful example of cloning

A

Dolly the sheep

55
Q

What is a pro of cloning

A

It could help save endangered species

56
Q

What is a con of cloning

A

It decreases genetic diversity

57
Q

What is gene therapy

A

The process of changing genes that cause genetic mutations

58
Q

What is used in gene therapy

A

Vectors are used to insert the normal Gene viruses are often used

59
Q

What is some applications of gene therapy

A

Hemophilia and cystic fibrosis

60
Q

What are the problems of genetic therapy

A

It decreases genetic diversity
It conflicts with certain beliefs systems
And the long-term effects have not been studied

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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