Genetic Engineering Flashcards
What is Hybridization
Crossing organisms with different traits normally bigger and stronger than the parents
Ex-crossing a food plant with a non food plant that is resistant to a disease offspring have both traits
What is selective breeding
Humans choose the traits
Ex-Dogs
What is inbreeding
Crossing organisms with similar traits to maintain the desired characteristics
What are the cons of inbreeding
Greater risk of recessive genetic disorders because it is more likely that they will carry the allele
Ex-hemophilia in royal families
What is cull
Removing individuals you don’t want to produce
What is biotechnology
The application of technological processes to a living organism
What is a gene pool
All the genes and phenotypes of a specific breed
How do breeders increase diversity
Inducing mutations by using chemicals and radiation
Ex-drugs that will prevent chromosomal separation during meiosis can produce polyploid plants
What is genetic engineering
Involves making changes in DNA
How can DNA be extracted
It can be extracted from mast cells by a simple chemical process
We did this in the banana lab
What is transformation
The process in which a cell takes in dna from an organism outside the cell
-griffiths mice
What are plasmids
Small circular DNa molecules found in some bacteria
What is special about plasmids
They can replicate on their own
What do plasmids contain
They contain a sequence that promotes replication
Contain genetic markers
What are genetic markers
Genes that make it easy to distinguish the bacteria
Ex-anabiotic resistance genes are often used
Why do scientists cut DNA into fragments
Because it is too large to work with
-found answer in bacteria
What are restriction enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA into fragments
There are hundreds of different types
Like little scissors
Each one cuts at a specific nucleotide sequence
Blunt vs sticky ends
DNA-ends end with the same complementation base: blunt end
DNA-ends end with one or more unpaired nucleotides: sticky end
There are enzyme available that cur sticky ends to blunt ends and vice versa, normally done after restriction enzymes did their job, in order to facilitate cloning.
What is the first step of making insulin
Take out plasmid DNA and human DNA
What is the second step of making insulin
Cut DNA samples with the same restriction enzyme
Is the third step of making insulin
Mix the fragments
-they join by base pairing
Why do you use the same restriction enzyme
It allows them to fit together
Do all of the plasmids take in the gene
No, others just glue back to itself
What is recombinant DNA
DNA containing two different sources of DNA
What is the fourth step of making insulin
Place plasmids back into bacteria using a mechanical vector
What are mechanical vectors
Micropipette
Gene gun
What is a gene gun
Shoots microscopic bullets coated in DNA
Mostly used in plants because they can break the cell wall
What is the fifth step of making insulin
Allow the bacteria to produce
What happens each time the bacteria reproduce
It will copy the the inserted gene
It does this because DNA is universal
What is the end product of insulin production
A transgenic organism
What is a transgenic organisms
An organism with genes from other organisms
What is a polymerase chain reaction
A process used to make copies of DNA sample
What are the requirements of PCR
•Thermocycler-provides heat to separate the DNA strands
•Primers-mall segments of DNA that bind to sample,DNA polymerase attaches to primers and begins copying DNA
•nucleotides
capable of making millions of copies in a short period of time
Inventor of PCR
Kary Mallis
Where was the DNA found that could withstand the pressure of the thermocycler
Yellowstone geysers
What is gel electrophoresis
The process that separates DNA fragments by size
What charge do DNA fragments have
Negative
What is the first step of gel electrophoresis
DNA is separated
What is the second step of gel electrophoresis
DNA is placed in wells on a gel plate
What is the third step of gel electrophoresis
Electric current is applied and negatively charged fragments migrate towards the positive pole
What is DNA fingerprinting
It analyzes sections of non coding DNA (introns) because they vary from person to person
Process of DNA fingerprinting
1-DNA cut by enzymes
2-gel run the same way
3-DNA probes are used to identify specific sequences Of nucleotides
Southern blotting technique used to insert the probes
Result of DNA fingerprinting
A pattern of bonds that can be distinguished as belonging to a specific individual
AKA DNA fingerprint
Used of DNA fingerprinting
Paternity tests and forensics
What is sequencing DNA
Scientist use PCR to make copies of unknown sample
What is special about sequencing DNA
Along with A,T,C,G, they also add special bases with a chemical die
What is the dye used for
The dye labeled basesterminate replication
What is the result of the dye
DNA fragments are different sizes
What is the last step in sequencing DNA
Gel electrophoresis can separate fragments by size
What is DNA MicroArray used for
It is used to study thousands of genes at once to compare their activity levels
What is the process of DNA MicroArray
Messenger RNA is removed, if the gene is active it will combined with the known genes of the MicroArray
What is an example of a genetically mutated plant
A plant that produces natural insecticides
What is the first step in cloning
The nucleus from egg is removed and a nucleus from a body cell is added
What is the next step of cloning
The new egg is placed in surrogate
What is an successful example of cloning
Dolly the sheep
What is a pro of cloning
It could help save endangered species
What is a con of cloning
It decreases genetic diversity
What is gene therapy
The process of changing genes that cause genetic mutations
What is used in gene therapy
Vectors are used to insert the normal Gene viruses are often used
What is some applications of gene therapy
Hemophilia and cystic fibrosis
What are the problems of genetic therapy
It decreases genetic diversity
It conflicts with certain beliefs systems
And the long-term effects have not been studied
