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Biology Honors > Darwin And evolution > Flashcards

Darwin And evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What were Darwins three observations

A
  1. species varied globally
  2. species varied locally
  3. species varied over time (fossils)
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2
Q

What was Darwins most famous stop

A

The Galapagos islands

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3
Q

What did Darwin notice about the land tortoises in Galapagos islands

A

On each island they had different shells

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4
Q

What did Darwin notice what’s different in the finches on the Galápagos Islands

A

They had different beaks

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5
Q

What is Darwins influence on people’s view

A

The fossil record had changed most people’s views that the world was only a few thousand years old and unchanged

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6
Q

Who is James Hutton

A

He propose that the earth is shaped by geological forces that occur slowly (gradualism)

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7
Q

What are some examples of gradualism

A

Mountains weathering away and the settlement from the mountain forming a new mountain

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8
Q

Who was Thomas Malthus

A

An English economist that wrote a book stating that babies are being born faster than people were dying

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9
Q

What did Thomas Malthus predict

A

That if the birthrates continued we would run out of resources

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10
Q

What is carrying capacity

A

The max number of individuals that a population can support

-Darwin believed this applied to animals and plants

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11
Q

Who was Jean Baptiste Lamark

A

He developed a hypothesis that acquired traits could be passed from parent to offspring

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12
Q

What is use and disuse

A

If a draft reaches into a tree, it’s neck will grow longer

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13
Q

Who was Charles Lyell

A

You wrote the principles of geology

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14
Q

What unifomatarianism

A

Must explain past events with processes we can observe now

-these events caused the earth to change gradually more overtime

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15
Q

What are two things Darwin learned from these men

A

If the earth changes the living things might change as well

If living things do change, it will take a long time

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16
Q

Who was Alfred Wallace

A

He sent Darwin a report explaining evolution that was nearly identical to Darwins theory

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17
Q

What was the origin of species

A
  • A book published by Darwin which was his theory of evolution
  • He wrote that organisms change over time as a result of natural selection
  • he knew about artificial selection
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18
Q

What are two things required for natural selection

A

No two organisms are exactly the same and no to organisms are equal

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19
Q

What are adaptations

A

Any heritable characteristics that allows the organism to survive and reproduce

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20
Q

What is dissent with modification

A

The idea that each living species has descended with changes from other species overtimeand that they are linked by a common ancestor

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21
Q

What are the three types of natural selection

A

Stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection

22
Q

What is stabilizing selection

A

When the environment chooses the intermediate form of a trait
-birth rate

23
Q

What is directional selection

A

When the environment chooses one extreme form of a trait

-woodpecker beak length

24
Q

What is disruptive selection

A

When the environment Tuesday is both extremes of a trait

-lizard body size

25
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg principle

A

It assumes that evolution is not occurring (genetic equilibrium)

26
Q

What are the conditions that must be met in order to be in genetic equilibrium

A
  • Random mating
  • large population
  • no migration
  • no natural selection
  • no mutations
27
Q

What is the equation for the Hardy Weinberg principle

A

P^2+2pq+q^2=1

P+Q=1

28
Q

What do all the letters mean in the Hardy Weinberg principle

A 
P=Frequency of allele A
Q=frequency of allele a
P^2=Frequency of individual AA
Q^2=Frequency of individual aa
2PQ=Frequency of individual Aa
29
Q

What is a mutation

A

It must occur in a germ cell and is spontaneous

30
Q

Genetic drift

A
  • When chance events alter allele frequency
  • AKA bottleneck effect–
  • effects smaller populations because of the gene pool being small
31
Q

What is the founder affect

A

After disaster occurs, the few remaining are the founders

  • founders rebuild ovulation
  • founders survive by chance
32
Q

Migration

A

Gene flow-genes flooring in and out of a population

33
Q

One evidence of evolution

A

Fossil record

34
Q

Geographic distribution

A

Pangaea

35
Q

Vestigial organs

A

Structures that serve no function I E the appendix

36
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue

37
Q

Analogous structures

A

Similar function but did not evolved from a common ancestor
Evolve due to similar habits
I.e. wings

38
Q

Embryology

A

Swag

39
Q

Molecular biology

A

Similar DNA sequences suggest evolutionary relationships

I.e hox genes

40
Q

What is speciation

A

The process by which a new species is formed due to reproductive isolation

41
Q

Behavioral isolation

A
  • courtship rituals keep from interbreeding

- ex frog sex

42
Q

Geographic isolation

A

Separated by physical barrier

43
Q

Temporal isolation

A
  • reproducing at different times

- ex nocturnal and diyurnal or wood frogs and leopard frogs

44
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Occur when a single species evolve into many different species do to natural selection
Derwin’s finches
Divergent evolution

45
Q

Convergent evolution

A
  • unrelated species evolve to look similar due to similar habits
  • EX dolphins and sharks
46
Q

Co-evolution

A

Two species evolve in response to changes in each other overtime
Ex. Flowers and pollinators or flower toxins and insects

47
Q

What is gradualism

A

Species evolve at a slow steady rate overtime

48
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium

A

Species stay the same for a long period of time and then undergo rapid change

49
Q

Molecular evolution

A
  • molecular clock: uses mutation rates in DNA sequences to estimate the time that to species have been evolving independently
  • neutral mutations accumulate in DNA overtime at about the same rate and all species
  • by comparing DNA sequences of two species, we can estimate when they shared a common ancestor
50
Q

Where did all these genes come from

A
  1. copying jeans that can occur due to unequal swapping of DNA during crossing over
  2. modification of existing genes
51
Q

Hox genes in evolution

A
  • they determine which part of the embryo will become what
  • can result in changes in adult species
  • ex insects and crustaceans
52
Q

Who is Charles Darwin

A

He is a man that took a job as a ship naturalist on the HMS Beagle for five years he traveled around the world cataloging all organisms he saw

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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