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Biology Honors > Chapter 2-b > Flashcards

Chapter 2-b Flashcards

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0
Q

What are 2 reasons carbon is so special

A

4 valence electrons, carbon can bond to itself

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1
Q

What is organic chenistry

A

The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

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2
Q

What occurs during polymerization

A

Large compounds are built by joining small ones together

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3
Q

What type of chemical bonds are found in macromolecules

A

Covalent

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4
Q

List the 3 macromolecules and their monomers

A

C-monosaccharides
Na-nucleotides
P-amino acids

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5
Q

What macromolecule isn’t a polymer? What is it made of

A

Lipids it is made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms

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6
Q

What elements are found in a carbohydrate? In what ratio?

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

Ratio 1:2:1

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7
Q

What r the 3 classes of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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8
Q

Give examples of 3 monosaccharides and their functions

A

Glucose-plant sugar
Fructose-fruit sweetener
Galactose-milk component

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9
Q

Give examples of 3 disaccharides and their functions

A

Sucrose-table sugar
Maltose-malt sugar
Lactose-milk sugar

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10
Q

4 examples of polysaccharides and their functions

A

Glycogen- energy storage
Starch-stores excess sugar in plants
Cellulose- structural support in plants
Chitin- protective shell around insects

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11
Q

Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated-only single bonds between carbons

Unsaturated- at least 1 double bond between carbon

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12
Q

What is hydrogenation? Give an example.

A

You reduce the double bonds back to single bonds by adding hydrogen. One example would be margarine

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13
Q

What is a trans fat?

A

Partially hydrogenated fat that can be saturated or unsaturated formed by long hydrocarbon chains

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14
Q

List 4 classes of lipids and their functions

A
  • Fats-store energy, protect, and insulate
  • Steroids-component of cell membranes
  • Phospholipids- main structural component of cell membranes
  • Waxes-waterproofing
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15
Q

What is Hypertriglyceridemia

A

Denotes high blood levels of triglycerides

16
Q

Why is fat more efficient for storage than carbohydrates

A

It stores 2x more energy than glycogen

17
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

A

Glycerol +2 fatty acids attached, plus a phosphate containing head group

18
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

The heardening of the arteries

19
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide

A

5 carbon sugars, phosphorus group, and a nitrogenous base

20
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids

A

Heredity/protein synthesis

21
Q

Distinguish between dna and rna

A

DNA-deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, based-adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
RNA- ribose sugar, phosphate group, based-adenine cytosine, guanine, and urocil

22
Q

What are the components of amino acids

A

amino acids have a carboxyl group, an amino group, an R-group, and a hydrogen which are all bonded to a central carbon.

23
Q

What bond is found in proteins

A

Peptide bonds

24
Q

4 functions of proteins

A

Structural component, enzyme, transportation, help fight disease

25
Q

4 levels of organization in proteins

A
  • Primary-sequence of amino acids
  • secondary-folding or coiling due to hydrogen bonds
  • tertiary- 3D arrangement
  • quaternary- 2 or more chains bond together
26
Q

What 3 steps take place in a chemical reaction

A
  1. old bonds are broken
  2. 2 atoms are rearranged
  3. New bonds are formed
27
Q

Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions

A
  • Endergonic heat energy is absorbed, cannot occur without activation energy
  • exergonic- energy is released in the form of heat, can occur spontaneously
28
Q

Where is energy stored on a molecule

A

The nucleus in either the mitochondria in animal cells or the chloroplasts in plants

29
Q

How is the energy released in a molecule

A

When chemical bonds are broken, energy is released in form of protons

30
Q

Describe the chemical reaction that builds macromolecules

A

Polymerization-large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together

31
Q

Describe the chemical reaction that breaks down macromolecules

A

Hydrolysis is when you add water to break down polymers by making them unstable

32
Q

Catalyst

A

Speed up reactions by reducing the amount of energy needed to cause a reactions

33
Q

Why do enzymes act as catalysts

A

They reduce the amount of energy needed to cause a reaction

34
Q

What is denaturization

A

Process that causes the enzyme to loose shape and not function

35
Q

What can lead to denaturation

A

Ph, temperature, and salinity

36
Q

What is activation energy

A

The energy needed to cause a reaction

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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