Chapter 2-b Flashcards
What are 2 reasons carbon is so special
4 valence electrons, carbon can bond to itself
What is organic chenistry
The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms
What occurs during polymerization
Large compounds are built by joining small ones together
What type of chemical bonds are found in macromolecules
Covalent
List the 3 macromolecules and their monomers
C-monosaccharides
Na-nucleotides
P-amino acids
What macromolecule isn’t a polymer? What is it made of
Lipids it is made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms
What elements are found in a carbohydrate? In what ratio?
Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
Ratio 1:2:1
What r the 3 classes of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Give examples of 3 monosaccharides and their functions
Glucose-plant sugar
Fructose-fruit sweetener
Galactose-milk component
Give examples of 3 disaccharides and their functions
Sucrose-table sugar
Maltose-malt sugar
Lactose-milk sugar
4 examples of polysaccharides and their functions
Glycogen- energy storage
Starch-stores excess sugar in plants
Cellulose- structural support in plants
Chitin- protective shell around insects
Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats
Saturated-only single bonds between carbons
Unsaturated- at least 1 double bond between carbon
What is hydrogenation? Give an example.
You reduce the double bonds back to single bonds by adding hydrogen. One example would be margarine
What is a trans fat?
Partially hydrogenated fat that can be saturated or unsaturated formed by long hydrocarbon chains
List 4 classes of lipids and their functions
- Fats-store energy, protect, and insulate
- Steroids-component of cell membranes
- Phospholipids- main structural component of cell membranes
- Waxes-waterproofing
What is Hypertriglyceridemia
Denotes high blood levels of triglycerides
Why is fat more efficient for storage than carbohydrates
It stores 2x more energy than glycogen
Describe the structure of a phospholipid
Glycerol +2 fatty acids attached, plus a phosphate containing head group
What is atherosclerosis
The heardening of the arteries
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide
5 carbon sugars, phosphorus group, and a nitrogenous base
What is the function of nucleic acids
Heredity/protein synthesis
Distinguish between dna and rna
DNA-deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, based-adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
RNA- ribose sugar, phosphate group, based-adenine cytosine, guanine, and urocil
What are the components of amino acids
amino acids have a carboxyl group, an amino group, an R-group, and a hydrogen which are all bonded to a central carbon.
What bond is found in proteins
Peptide bonds
4 functions of proteins
Structural component, enzyme, transportation, help fight disease
4 levels of organization in proteins
- Primary-sequence of amino acids
- secondary-folding or coiling due to hydrogen bonds
- tertiary- 3D arrangement
- quaternary- 2 or more chains bond together
What 3 steps take place in a chemical reaction
- old bonds are broken
- 2 atoms are rearranged
- New bonds are formed
Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions
- Endergonic heat energy is absorbed, cannot occur without activation energy
- exergonic- energy is released in the form of heat, can occur spontaneously
Where is energy stored on a molecule
The nucleus in either the mitochondria in animal cells or the chloroplasts in plants
How is the energy released in a molecule
When chemical bonds are broken, energy is released in form of protons
Describe the chemical reaction that builds macromolecules
Polymerization-large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together
Describe the chemical reaction that breaks down macromolecules
Hydrolysis is when you add water to break down polymers by making them unstable
Catalyst
Speed up reactions by reducing the amount of energy needed to cause a reactions
Why do enzymes act as catalysts
They reduce the amount of energy needed to cause a reaction
What is denaturization
Process that causes the enzyme to loose shape and not function
What can lead to denaturation
Ph, temperature, and salinity
What is activation energy
The energy needed to cause a reaction
