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Biology Honors > Dna Rna Protein Synthesis Bullshit > Flashcards

Dna Rna Protein Synthesis Bullshit Flashcards

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0
Q

What did griffith conduct his experiment with

A

To bacterial strains

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1
Q

What was Frederick Griffith trying to discover

A

What caused pneumonia

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2
Q

What was Griffiths hypothesis

A

Bacteria produced a toxin that caused pneumonia

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3
Q

What happened with all of Griffiths experiments

A
  • The control group lived,
  • the experimental died,
  • the heat killed lived,
  • and the heat killed plus the control died
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4
Q

What did Griffith conduct his experiment on

A

Mice

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5
Q

What did Griffith hypothesize after his experiment

A

That the heat killed bacteria past something to the harm the strain

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6
Q

What did Griffith called this process

A

Transformation

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7
Q

What did Griffith discover

A

The gene

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8
Q

What was Oswald Avery’s goal

A

Two to find what molecule was involved in the transformation

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9
Q

What did Avery do

A

It used to various enzymes to destroy different molecules within the bacteria

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10
Q

What did Avery discover

A

He discovered that DNA contains information passed from one generation to the other

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11
Q

What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase do

A

They worked with bacteriaphages to discover which part of the bacteriaphage entered the bacteria

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12
Q

What is a bacteriaphage and what does it consist of

A

It is a bacteria eater and it is a virus that attacks bacteria which consists of RNA surrounded by a protein coat

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13
Q

What did Hershey and Chase do

A

They grew with the virus is in cultures containing radioactive isotopes phosphorus 32 and sulfur 35 this way they could track the DNA and protein coat

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14
Q

What tracked the DNA and what tracked the protein coat

A

32P tract DNA and 35S tracked the protein coat

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15
Q

Hershey/chase determined what

A

That DNA entered the bacteria

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16
Q

What is a viruses purpose once it enters the host

A

Solely to reproduce

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17
Q

How does a virus reproduce

A
  • First it takes over the bacteria and produces new virus parts.
  • Then the bacteria splits open and hundreds of new viruses emerge to attach to more cells.
  • It reproduces by taking over the cell and it doesn’t kill the host immediately.
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18
Q

the lytic cycle

A

The lytic cycle is the process by which a virus takes over a bacteria

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19
Q

The lysogenic cycle

A
  • the virus injects DNA which merges with the bacterial DNA
  • the bacteria then reproduces
  • A stimulus then causes the cells to enter the lytic cycle.
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20
Q

What is DNA made of

A

It is a polymer made up of nucleotides

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21
Q

What are the nucleotides made of

A

A five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases

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22
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases

A

Purines contained two carbon rings and are adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines contain one carbon ring and are cytosine and thymine

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23
Q

What did Erwin Chargoff discover

A

Percentages of cytosine and guanine are almost equal and DNA and the same for adenine and thymine

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24
Q

What was chargoffs rules

A

Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine

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25
Q

What does Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin discover

A

They worked with x-ray diffraction to discover the double helix shape of DNA

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26
Q

What did James Watson and Francis crick discover

A

They built a 3-D model of DNA after they saw the work of Franklin and Wilkins. They saw that the backbone of DNA was alternating sugar and phosphate groups will the nitrogenous bases form the rungs. They discovered weak hydrogen bonds hold adenine thymine guanine and cytosine together

27
Q

What is the difference in eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes

A

Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes

28
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA reproduction

A

Prokaryotic DNA replication takes place and one site where eukaryotic DNA replication takes place along many different locations in both directions

29
Q

What is the place where DNA replication starts

A

The replication fork

30
Q

What is the first step of DNA replication

A

DNA helix case unzips the hydrogen bonds in several locations called replication bubbles

31
Q

What is the second step of DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase attaches to the old strands and plugs in the appropriate base pair

32
Q

Which way does DNA replication occur

A

From three prong to the five prime end

33
Q

What is the difference between the leading and lagging strands

A

One daughter strand is copied in one continuous piece this is called the leading strand.
The other strand is copied in fragments called Okazaki fragments this is the lagging strand

34
Q

What links the Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

35
Q

What is the third step

A

Another type of DNA polymerase proofreads and correct the mistakes made in DNA replication

36
Q

What are telomeres

A

Segments of the non-coding DNA found at the end of strands

37
Q

What is telomerase

A

The enzyme responsible for copying these segments

38
Q

What is RNA

A

A polymer made up of nucleotides

The nucleotide has a five carbon sugar which is ribose, A phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases a ACGU

39
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose instead of deoxyribose and it also contains uracil instead of thymine

40
Q

What are the types of RNA and what did they do

A
  • messenger RNA- copies of the recipe from DNA so that proteins can be made
  • transfer RNA- transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein production
  • ribosomal RNA- makes up ribosomes
41
Q

What is transcription and where does it take place

A

It is the process by which messenger RNA copies a recipe from DNA. It takes place in the nucleus.

42
Q

What happens during transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. RNA polymerase creates messenger RNA. The promoter is a specific sequence of nucleotides the marks the beginning of the recipe. RNA polymerase then plugs in the complementary base pairs until the end sequence is reached.

43
Q

What are Intron’s

A

Non-coding sequences of DNA that are not part of the recipe and must be cut out

44
Q

What are exons

A

Coding sequences of DNA that are expressed

45
Q

What are codons

A

They are a sequence of three nucleotides that are used to decipher the language of DNA

46
Q

What is another word for protein

A

Polypeptide

47
Q

What is translation and where does it take place

A

The process by which transfer RNA translates the genetic code by delivering amino acids to the ribosome
Takes place in the ribosome

48
Q

What happens during translation

A

First the mRNA attaches to the P site of the small subunit of the ribosome
It does this because tRNA has anti codons that pair with the codons of RNA
AUG is the start codon that marks the beginning of the recipe
This allows the large subunit to attach and makes the ribosome functional
Another tRNA attaches at the A site
A peptide bond forms between the two amino acids
The mRNAs shifts over
The original tRNA is free to leave the E site
This elongation process continues until the stop codon is reached

49
Q

What is an operon

A

A group of genes that work together

50
Q

How does E. coli control lactose

A

There is a lac operon which must be expressed for them to use lactose as food.
The operon is turned on when lactose is available it is turned off by a repressor protein which attaches to the operator

51
Q

What is an operator

A

Part of the promoter, it is a sequence of nucleotides in front of the lac operon

52
Q

How do you turn the lac operon on

A

Lactose binds to the repressor proteins which cause them to change shape and disconnect this leaves room for the RNA polymerase to attach and begin protein synthesis

53
Q

What is a repressor protein

A

It blocks polymerase

54
Q

How do you eukaryotes regulate genes

A

The TATA box

55
Q

What is the TATA box

A

A sequence of about 30 nucleotides the acts as a promoter
It binds a protein that helps RNA polymerase attached to the protein. Various DNA-binding proteins called transcription factors attach to the TATA box to either turn the gene on or off (repressors)

56
Q

What is an enhancer sequence

A

A sequence that helps to loop DNA to bring transcription factors together

57
Q

What are some ways transcription factors can regulate RNA polymerase

A
  1. They can help to attract RNA polymerase.
  2. they can block RNA polymerase
  3. They can on the coil areas of DNA so that they are accessible
58
Q

Why is eukaryotic gene regulation more complicated than prokaryotic

A

We are multicellular with different genes being expressed in different cells

59
Q

How else can genes be regulated

A

Controlling mRNA leaving the nucleus
Manipulating the stability of RNA
Breaking down proteins

60
Q

What is RNA interference

A

When small segments of our art cut into sections called micro RNA by dicer enzymesdays then manipulate the stability of RNA

61
Q

What controls differentation

A

It is controlled by master genes called homeotic genes

62
Q

What are homeobox genes

A

They are genes that code for transcription factors that activate other genes (hox genes)

63
Q

How does environment control differentation

A

It can be sped up by cues such as drying ponds, food availability, changes in temperature, and population size i.e. metamorphosis

64
Q

What is Met

A

It starts protein production

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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