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Biology Honors > Ch 8/22/23 > Flashcards

Ch 8/22/23 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is an example of a plant that is mostly aquatic and lacks vascular tissue

A

Green algae

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1
Q

What are three characteristics of plants

A

Contain cell walls, chlorophyll a and b, eukaryotes

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2
Q

What states has only one set of chromosomes, which stage has two

A

Gametophyte has 1

Sporophyte has 2

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3
Q

What are some examples of bryophytes

A

Moss, liverworts, and hornworts

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4
Q

What is the difference between bryophytes and green algae

A

Green algae is mostly aquatic whereas bryophytes can live on land

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5
Q

How do you green algae and bryophytes obtain water due to lack of roots

A

They grow in damp areas

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6
Q

What is the dominant lifecycle in a bryophyte

A

Gametophyte

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7
Q

What is alternation of generations

A

Memorize the chart

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8
Q

Comparing contrast xylem and phloem

A

X- tissue that carries water from the roots to the shoots

P-tissue that transports sugar from the roots to the shoots

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9
Q

What is the function of xylem and phloem

A

To help the plant grow taller

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10
Q

What stage is dominant in vascular plants

A

Sporophyte

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11
Q

What are some examples of seedless vascular plants

A

Clubmoss, horse tail, and ferns

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12
Q

What is a seed

A

A plant embryo and food supply encased in a protective covering

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13
Q

Comparing contrast both seed plants

A

Gymnosperms- cone contains seeds

Angiosperms- flowers contain seeds

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14
Q

Know the difference between monocots and dicots

A

D- 2 seed leaves, usually 4/5 leaves, net like venation, 3 pores in pollen grain, xylem/phloem in bundles
M- 1 seed leaf, multiples of 3 leaves, parallel venation, 1 pore in pollen grain, xylem/phloem all over the place

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15
Q

What is the function of dermal tissue

A

Protection and absorption

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16
Q

What is vascular tissue composed of

A

Xylem and phloem

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17
Q

What is the outermost layer of tissue

A

Dermal tissue

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18
Q

Compare and contrast three types of cells in ground tissue

A

Parenchyma- thin cell wall, found in leaves, contain chloroplasts
Collenchyma- thicker cell walls(celery)
Sclerenchyma- thickest cell walls(seed coats)

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19
Q

What are the functions of ground tissue

A

Produce and store sugar

Contribute to physical support

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20
Q

What is the difference of apical and floral meristems

A

Apical- responsible for growth in length of roots/stems

Floral- responsible for growth of flowers

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21
Q

What is the function of a meristem

A

Produce new cells through cell decision so the plant can grow

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22
Q

What is the function of roots

A

Anchor plant and prevent soil erosion

Work with bacteria and fungi to absorb water and nutrients(symbiotic relationship)

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23
Q

What are the types of roots where are they found

A

Taproots- found in dicots

Fibrous roots- found in monocots

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24
Q

How do stems grow in length

A

Primary- apical meristems add length in cell elongation

25
Q

Describe secondary growth

A

(Increase in thickness), rare in non-wood monocots, the vascular cambium gives rise to new layers of xylem and phloem the secondary xylem is wood

26
Q

What does the vascular cambium do what does the cork cambium do

A

Vascular cambium-increases thickness in dicots by producing new xylem/phloem
Cork cambium-make the cork for the tree bark

27
Q

How do you age a tree

A

Count the rings

28
Q

What is the difference between sapwood and hartwood

A

Sapwood- conducts water and has a light color

Heartwood- when xylem no longer conducts water, dark colored

29
Q

Describe the two types of mesophyll

A

Palisade mesophyll- absorbs light

Spongy mesophyll- contains air passages for gas exchange via the stoma

30
Q

What is the function of leaves

A

To absorb light and conduct photosynthesis

31
Q

What is the function of guard cells

A

To control the stoma (opening and closing)

32
Q

Explain how capillary action is responsible for transpiration

A

Capillary action brings water from the roots upwards and then is is excreted through the stoma and that is transpiration

33
Q

What is energy

A

The ability to do work

34
Q

Where does energy come from

A

Food

35
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy

A

The sun

36
Q

Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs

A

A-make their own food plants are photo autotrophs

H- need to consume food for energy

37
Q

Where is energy stored in a molecule

A

The chemical bonds

38
Q

What does ATP consist of

A

Adenine, a 5 carbon sugar(ribose), and 3 phosphate groups

39
Q

What is ATP used for

A

To store and release energy

40
Q

What is the difference between ATP and ADP

A

ADP + P = ATP ( ADP is empty and ATP is full)

41
Q

How does ATP deliver energy

A

By breaking the bonds between the second and third phosphate

42
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis

A

6(Co2) + 6(H2O) -light-> C6H12O6 + 6(O2)

43
Q

What did all of the scientist (name all three)

A
  • Van Helmot- he concluded that plants take in water
  • Priestly- he concluded that plants release oxygen
  • Jan Ingenhousz- showed that plants require sunlight
44
Q

What is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see

A

Visible light

45
Q

Why are plants green

A

Plants absorb everything but the green part of the spectrum which is reflected giving them a green color

46
Q

Why do plants turn brown in the fall

A

Because the chloroplasts which contain the photosynthetic pigments begin to deteriorate causing the accessory pigments to become visible

47
Q

What are the primary photosynthetic pigments

A

Chlorophyll a and b

48
Q

What are some examples of accessory pigments

A

Carotenoids

49
Q

What is the benefit of accessory pigments

A

They allow the plant to absorb more light for photosynthesis

50
Q

What is stroma, grana, and a thylakoid

A

Stroma- fluid in the chloroplasts
Grana- stacks of thylakoids
Thylakoids- pigments organized into photostems

51
Q

What is a photosystem

A

Protein structures in the thylakoid membrane that aid in photosynthesis

52
Q

Where does light reactions take place

A

The thylakoid membrane

53
Q

What happens in photosystems as they absorb light

A

The electrons are excited and jump from pigment to pigment until they reach the reaction center

54
Q

What is chemiosmosis

A

The process of creating ATP, ( hydrogen going through the ATP synthase)

55
Q

What are the products of light reactions

A

NADPH and ATP

56
Q

What is another name for the Calvin cycle

A

Light independent reactions/ dark reactions

57
Q

What happens in the Calvin cycle

A

Carbon from CO2 is bonded into organic compounds (carbon fixation)

58
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur

A

In the stroma of the chloroplasts

59
Q

What affects the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • Light intensity- increases but plateaus
  • CO2- increases but plateaus
  • H2O- decrease in water slows photosynthesis
  • Temperature- increases speed until enzyme begins to deform

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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