Ch 8/22/23 Flashcards
What is an example of a plant that is mostly aquatic and lacks vascular tissue
Green algae
What are three characteristics of plants
Contain cell walls, chlorophyll a and b, eukaryotes
What states has only one set of chromosomes, which stage has two
Gametophyte has 1
Sporophyte has 2
What are some examples of bryophytes
Moss, liverworts, and hornworts
What is the difference between bryophytes and green algae
Green algae is mostly aquatic whereas bryophytes can live on land
How do you green algae and bryophytes obtain water due to lack of roots
They grow in damp areas
What is the dominant lifecycle in a bryophyte
Gametophyte
What is alternation of generations
Memorize the chart
Comparing contrast xylem and phloem
X- tissue that carries water from the roots to the shoots
P-tissue that transports sugar from the roots to the shoots
What is the function of xylem and phloem
To help the plant grow taller
What stage is dominant in vascular plants
Sporophyte
What are some examples of seedless vascular plants
Clubmoss, horse tail, and ferns
What is a seed
A plant embryo and food supply encased in a protective covering
Comparing contrast both seed plants
Gymnosperms- cone contains seeds
Angiosperms- flowers contain seeds
Know the difference between monocots and dicots
D- 2 seed leaves, usually 4/5 leaves, net like venation, 3 pores in pollen grain, xylem/phloem in bundles
M- 1 seed leaf, multiples of 3 leaves, parallel venation, 1 pore in pollen grain, xylem/phloem all over the place
What is the function of dermal tissue
Protection and absorption
What is vascular tissue composed of
Xylem and phloem
What is the outermost layer of tissue
Dermal tissue
Compare and contrast three types of cells in ground tissue
Parenchyma- thin cell wall, found in leaves, contain chloroplasts
Collenchyma- thicker cell walls(celery)
Sclerenchyma- thickest cell walls(seed coats)
What are the functions of ground tissue
Produce and store sugar
Contribute to physical support
What is the difference of apical and floral meristems
Apical- responsible for growth in length of roots/stems
Floral- responsible for growth of flowers
What is the function of a meristem
Produce new cells through cell decision so the plant can grow
What is the function of roots
Anchor plant and prevent soil erosion
Work with bacteria and fungi to absorb water and nutrients(symbiotic relationship)
What are the types of roots where are they found
Taproots- found in dicots
Fibrous roots- found in monocots
How do stems grow in length
Primary- apical meristems add length in cell elongation
Describe secondary growth
(Increase in thickness), rare in non-wood monocots, the vascular cambium gives rise to new layers of xylem and phloem the secondary xylem is wood
What does the vascular cambium do what does the cork cambium do
Vascular cambium-increases thickness in dicots by producing new xylem/phloem
Cork cambium-make the cork for the tree bark
How do you age a tree
Count the rings
What is the difference between sapwood and hartwood
Sapwood- conducts water and has a light color
Heartwood- when xylem no longer conducts water, dark colored
Describe the two types of mesophyll
Palisade mesophyll- absorbs light
Spongy mesophyll- contains air passages for gas exchange via the stoma
What is the function of leaves
To absorb light and conduct photosynthesis
What is the function of guard cells
To control the stoma (opening and closing)
Explain how capillary action is responsible for transpiration
Capillary action brings water from the roots upwards and then is is excreted through the stoma and that is transpiration
What is energy
The ability to do work
Where does energy come from
Food
What is the ultimate source of energy
The sun
Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs
A-make their own food plants are photo autotrophs
H- need to consume food for energy
Where is energy stored in a molecule
The chemical bonds
What does ATP consist of
Adenine, a 5 carbon sugar(ribose), and 3 phosphate groups
What is ATP used for
To store and release energy
What is the difference between ATP and ADP
ADP + P = ATP ( ADP is empty and ATP is full)
How does ATP deliver energy
By breaking the bonds between the second and third phosphate
What is the equation for photosynthesis
6(Co2) + 6(H2O) -light-> C6H12O6 + 6(O2)
What did all of the scientist (name all three)
- Van Helmot- he concluded that plants take in water
- Priestly- he concluded that plants release oxygen
- Jan Ingenhousz- showed that plants require sunlight
What is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see
Visible light
Why are plants green
Plants absorb everything but the green part of the spectrum which is reflected giving them a green color
Why do plants turn brown in the fall
Because the chloroplasts which contain the photosynthetic pigments begin to deteriorate causing the accessory pigments to become visible
What are the primary photosynthetic pigments
Chlorophyll a and b
What are some examples of accessory pigments
Carotenoids
What is the benefit of accessory pigments
They allow the plant to absorb more light for photosynthesis
What is stroma, grana, and a thylakoid
Stroma- fluid in the chloroplasts
Grana- stacks of thylakoids
Thylakoids- pigments organized into photostems
What is a photosystem
Protein structures in the thylakoid membrane that aid in photosynthesis
Where does light reactions take place
The thylakoid membrane
What happens in photosystems as they absorb light
The electrons are excited and jump from pigment to pigment until they reach the reaction center
What is chemiosmosis
The process of creating ATP, ( hydrogen going through the ATP synthase)
What are the products of light reactions
NADPH and ATP
What is another name for the Calvin cycle
Light independent reactions/ dark reactions
What happens in the Calvin cycle
Carbon from CO2 is bonded into organic compounds (carbon fixation)
Where does the Calvin cycle occur
In the stroma of the chloroplasts
What affects the rate of photosynthesis
- Light intensity- increases but plateaus
- CO2- increases but plateaus
- H2O- decrease in water slows photosynthesis
- Temperature- increases speed until enzyme begins to deform
