Classificstion And Shit Flashcards
How many species are on earth
8.7 million
Why do scientists use scientific names
Confusion over different common names
I.e. Mountain lion, Panther, cougar, puma
How do you fuck her right in the pussy
Good
How many species have scientists named
1.5 million
Who is Carolous Linneaeus
A Swedish botanist
What did Linnaeus develop
A system of naming called binomial nomenclature
What are the 2 names in binomial nomenclature
1.Genus-considered to be closely related
I.E. 34 reef sharks with genus caroharinus
2.species-most specific taxa
-often a description of an important trait
What are the naming rules
- genus species
- Latin or Greek
- italicized(typing)
- capitalize genus not species
- underline when writing
What is classification
The naming and arranging of organisms into groups(taxa) based on similarities
What is another name for classification
Taxonomy or systematics
Who are scientists that name organisms
Taxonomists
How many taxa are there
Started with 4, grew to 7
What is taxa based on
Anatomical similarities and differences
What is the order of the taxa
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What are the 4 benefits of classifying
- It helps identify the relationship between organisms
- It requires scientist to identify specific characteristics
- It prevents misnomers such as starfish
- Latin names are understood by all taxonomists
What is the dichotomous key
- used to identify organisms
- characteristics in pairs
- read both characteristics to identify the organism
What is phylogeny
The evolutionary history of lineages
What is the goal of phylogeny
To group species into categories that reflects evolutionary descent rather than just similarities or differences
What is a cladogram
It shows how organisms are related based on certain derived characteristics
I.e. Scales/feathers
What is included in a Clade
A single common ancestor with all the descendants
What is mono phyletic
Clades are mono phyletic
Include only common ancestor and all descendants
What is para phyletic
Some taxa are para phyletic
Include common ancestor but not all descendants
What is a node and what does it represent
Branches
Common ancestors
What is a root
A common ancestor shared by all
Why are scientific names Latin
Latin is a dead language and cannot be changed
What does a family name end with
Idae
Why does Linnaeuss stuff change
Technology in genetics
When are bird/reptiles a Clade
When they are included together
What are the 6 types of kingdoms
Eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
How many domains are there
3
What are the 3 domains
Archaea, bacteria, eukarya
What are bacteria
Prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Some are aerobic and anaerobic
Kingdom eubacteria
I.e. Streptococcus, ecoli
-photosynthetic and chemosynthetic
Archaea
- Kingdom Archaebacteria
- cell type-prokaryote
- cell walls-do not have peptidoglycan
- contains lipids not found in any other organisms
- unicellular-aerobic and anaerobic-can live in extreme environments
Eukarya
- contains organisms whose cells contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- includes protist, fungi, plants, and animals
Kingdom Protista
- eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi
- contains greatest variety
- can be unicellular or multicellular, photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
- all bacteria
Fungi kingdom
- heterotrophs have cell walls made of chitin, Feed on dying or dead organisms by secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing small food molecules into their bodies
- can be multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeasts)
Kingdom plantae
- multicellular, photosynthetic, autotrophs
- immobile
- cell walls made of cellulose
Kingdom Anamalia
- multicellular and heterotrophic
- no cell walls
- Great diversity/many species exist all over the world
What is a Permineralized fossil
Materials carried by water are deposited around a hard structure
This fills body cavities
What are natural casts
Flowing water removes all original to see you leaving a mold that is filled with minerals(three-dimensional)
What are trace fossils
Record of activity of an organism
I.e. Footprints, burrows, nests, droppings
What are preserved remains
Preserved tissue found in ice or Peat Boggs
What are amber preserved fossils
Fossils preserved in tree sap
Where do most fossils form
Sedimentary rocks
How are sedimentary rocks formed
When dirt, silt, and rocks are carried by water and settle. These rock layers then press together and the pressure causes rock
What happens to most hard remains (bones shells wood)
It is replaced by minerals
What types of organisms were not usually fossilized
Soft organisms like worms
What can scientists infer from fossils
- structure
- what they ate
- predators
- environment
What does the fossil record suggest
That the earth has changed
Relative dating
- age determined by the place of the fossil
- index fossils are used to compare the age
- must be short lived and widespread(trilobites)
- Offers ESTIMATE of age
Radioactive dating
- Uses radioactive isotopes to age fossils
- radioactive elements decay until they become stable elements at a steady rate
What is a half life
The amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay
What is carbon-14’s half-life
- 5730 years
- It is used to date fossils under 60000 years old
What is potassium 40s half-life
1.26 billion years
What is uranium 238’s half-life
4.5 billion years
What is rubidium 87s half life
48.8 billion years
What is carbon 14s stable form
Nitrogen 14
What is a strata
A layer of rock
What is the first period in the geological time scale
The Precambrian period
How long is the Precambrian period (%)
88%
When was the earth formed
4.6 billion years ago
How long did it take for earth to form
100 million years
What is the nebula hypothesis
- collisions of dust and debris in a swirling mass
- they came together and elements rearranged themselves based on density
What did the atmosphere contain
- hydrogen cyanide
- carbon dioxide
- carbon monoxide
- nitrogen
- hydrogen sulfide
- water vapor
What color was the sky
Pinkish orange
Why did the earth begin to cool
The expanding atmosphere possibly due to volcanic eruptions
The first rocks then formed
What happened when it began to rain
- oceans formed
- brown due to presence of iron
What did Alexander oparin develop
The primordial soup model
What was Stanley miller and Harold Urey’s experiment
- no oxygen in experiment
- result:simple organic molecules were formed
- it was incorrect because they didn’t use the proper gasses as the atmosphere
When did life begin
200-300 million years ago simple cells were common
Who was Sidney fox
He said the portentous microspheres could have given rise to the first cells
-microspheres were not alive but had some characteristics of life
Did DNA or RNA evolve first
RNA
What makes scientists believe that RNA evolved first
- it can help DNA replicate
- it can replicate itself (ribozymes)
- it is a catalyst
When did bacteria exist
Microfossils suggest 3.5 billion years ago
-evolved without oxygen
Prokaryotic Heterotrophs
-photosynthetic bacteria that evolved due to lack of resources 2.2 billion years ago
What did the oxygen released by photosynthetic bacteria lead to
- caused iron in ocean to rust and sink leading to blue ocean
- ozone layer formed and skies turned blue
- led to first extinction due to oxygen presence
How do many scientists believe eukaryotic cell developed, who invented this theory
Large prokaryote ate small one and allowed it to live inside of it, had a symbiotic relationship
-Lynn mullis invented the endosymbiotic theory
What is evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have their own DNA and can replicate without the cell
What did sexual reproduction lead to
- allowed evolution to occur faster
- multicellular organisms millions of years later led to increased genetic diversity
What is the first step of life
Precambrian soft body organisms
What came after the Precambrian
Cambrian explosion
What came after the Cambrian
Invertebrates
What came after invertebrates
Vertebrates
What came after vertebrates
Land plants
What came after land plants
Arthropods (small animals)
What came after Arthropods
Amphibians
What came after amphibians
Reptiles
What came after reptiles
Small mammals and dinosaurs
What came after small mammals and dinosaurs
Birds and a mass extinction of 1/2 of all organisms
What came after birds and extinction
Large mammals
What came after large mammals
The ice age
What came after the ice age
Man
