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Biology Honors > Classificstion And Shit > Flashcards

Classificstion And Shit Flashcards

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1
Q

How many species are on earth

A

8.7 million

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2
Q

Why do scientists use scientific names

A

Confusion over different common names

I.e. Mountain lion, Panther, cougar, puma

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3
Q

How do you fuck her right in the pussy

A

Good

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4
Q

How many species have scientists named

A

1.5 million

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5
Q

Who is Carolous Linneaeus

A

A Swedish botanist

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6
Q

What did Linnaeus develop

A

A system of naming called binomial nomenclature

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7
Q

What are the 2 names in binomial nomenclature

A

1.Genus-considered to be closely related
I.E. 34 reef sharks with genus caroharinus
2.species-most specific taxa
-often a description of an important trait

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8
Q

What are the naming rules

A
  • genus species
  • Latin or Greek
  • italicized(typing)
  • capitalize genus not species
  • underline when writing
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9
Q

What is classification

A

The naming and arranging of organisms into groups(taxa) based on similarities

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10
Q

What is another name for classification

A

Taxonomy or systematics

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11
Q

Who are scientists that name organisms

A

Taxonomists

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12
Q

How many taxa are there

A

Started with 4, grew to 7

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13
Q

What is taxa based on

A

Anatomical similarities and differences

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14
Q

What is the order of the taxa

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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15
Q

What are the 4 benefits of classifying

A
  1. It helps identify the relationship between organisms
  2. It requires scientist to identify specific characteristics
  3. It prevents misnomers such as starfish
  4. Latin names are understood by all taxonomists
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16
Q

What is the dichotomous key

A
  • used to identify organisms
  • characteristics in pairs
  • read both characteristics to identify the organism
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17
Q

What is phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of lineages

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18
Q

What is the goal of phylogeny

A

To group species into categories that reflects evolutionary descent rather than just similarities or differences

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19
Q

What is a cladogram

A

It shows how organisms are related based on certain derived characteristics
I.e. Scales/feathers

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20
Q

What is included in a Clade

A

A single common ancestor with all the descendants

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21
Q

What is mono phyletic

A

Clades are mono phyletic

Include only common ancestor and all descendants

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22
Q

What is para phyletic

A

Some taxa are para phyletic

Include common ancestor but not all descendants

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23
Q

What is a node and what does it represent

A

Branches

Common ancestors

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24
Q

What is a root

A

A common ancestor shared by all

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25
Q

Why are scientific names Latin

A

Latin is a dead language and cannot be changed

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26
Q

What does a family name end with

A

Idae

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27
Q

Why does Linnaeuss stuff change

A

Technology in genetics

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28
Q

When are bird/reptiles a Clade

A

When they are included together

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29
Q

What are the 6 types of kingdoms

A

Eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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30
Q

How many domains are there

A

3

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31
Q

What are the 3 domains

A

Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

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32
Q

What are bacteria

A

Prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Some are aerobic and anaerobic

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33
Q

Kingdom eubacteria

A

I.e. Streptococcus, ecoli

-photosynthetic and chemosynthetic

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34
Q

Archaea

A
  • Kingdom Archaebacteria
  • cell type-prokaryote
  • cell walls-do not have peptidoglycan
  • contains lipids not found in any other organisms
  • unicellular-aerobic and anaerobic-can live in extreme environments
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35
Q

Eukarya

A
  • contains organisms whose cells contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • includes protist, fungi, plants, and animals
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36
Q

Kingdom Protista

A
  • eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi
  • contains greatest variety
  • can be unicellular or multicellular, photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
  • all bacteria
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37
Q

Fungi kingdom

A
  • heterotrophs have cell walls made of chitin, Feed on dying or dead organisms by secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing small food molecules into their bodies
  • can be multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeasts)
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38
Q

Kingdom plantae

A
  • multicellular, photosynthetic, autotrophs
  • immobile
  • cell walls made of cellulose
39
Q

Kingdom Anamalia

A
  • multicellular and heterotrophic
  • no cell walls
  • Great diversity/many species exist all over the world
40
Q

What is a Permineralized fossil

A

Materials carried by water are deposited around a hard structure
This fills body cavities

41
Q

What are natural casts

A

Flowing water removes all original to see you leaving a mold that is filled with minerals(three-dimensional)

42
Q

What are trace fossils

A

Record of activity of an organism

I.e. Footprints, burrows, nests, droppings

43
Q

What are preserved remains

A

Preserved tissue found in ice or Peat Boggs

44
Q

What are amber preserved fossils

A

Fossils preserved in tree sap

45
Q

Where do most fossils form

A

Sedimentary rocks

46
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed

A

When dirt, silt, and rocks are carried by water and settle. These rock layers then press together and the pressure causes rock

47
Q

What happens to most hard remains (bones shells wood)

A

It is replaced by minerals

48
Q

What types of organisms were not usually fossilized

A

Soft organisms like worms

49
Q

What can scientists infer from fossils

A
  • structure
  • what they ate
  • predators
  • environment
50
Q

What does the fossil record suggest

A

That the earth has changed

51
Q

Relative dating

A
  • age determined by the place of the fossil
  • index fossils are used to compare the age
  • must be short lived and widespread(trilobites)
  • Offers ESTIMATE of age
52
Q

Radioactive dating

A
  • Uses radioactive isotopes to age fossils

- radioactive elements decay until they become stable elements at a steady rate

53
Q

What is a half life

A

The amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay

54
Q

What is carbon-14’s half-life

A
  • 5730 years

- It is used to date fossils under 60000 years old

55
Q

What is potassium 40s half-life

A

1.26 billion years

56
Q

What is uranium 238’s half-life

A

4.5 billion years

57
Q

What is rubidium 87s half life

A

48.8 billion years

58
Q

What is carbon 14s stable form

A

Nitrogen 14

59
Q

What is a strata

A

A layer of rock

60
Q

What is the first period in the geological time scale

A

The Precambrian period

61
Q

How long is the Precambrian period (%)

A

88%

62
Q

When was the earth formed

A

4.6 billion years ago

63
Q

How long did it take for earth to form

A

100 million years

64
Q

What is the nebula hypothesis

A
  • collisions of dust and debris in a swirling mass

- they came together and elements rearranged themselves based on density

65
Q

What did the atmosphere contain

A
  • hydrogen cyanide
  • carbon dioxide
  • carbon monoxide
  • nitrogen
  • hydrogen sulfide
  • water vapor
66
Q

What color was the sky

A

Pinkish orange

67
Q

Why did the earth begin to cool

A

The expanding atmosphere possibly due to volcanic eruptions

The first rocks then formed

68
Q

What happened when it began to rain

A
  • oceans formed

- brown due to presence of iron

69
Q

What did Alexander oparin develop

A

The primordial soup model

70
Q

What was Stanley miller and Harold Urey’s experiment

A
  • no oxygen in experiment
  • result:simple organic molecules were formed
  • it was incorrect because they didn’t use the proper gasses as the atmosphere
71
Q

When did life begin

A

200-300 million years ago simple cells were common

72
Q

Who was Sidney fox

A

He said the portentous microspheres could have given rise to the first cells
-microspheres were not alive but had some characteristics of life

73
Q

Did DNA or RNA evolve first

A

RNA

74
Q

What makes scientists believe that RNA evolved first

A
  • it can help DNA replicate
  • it can replicate itself (ribozymes)
  • it is a catalyst
75
Q

When did bacteria exist

A

Microfossils suggest 3.5 billion years ago

-evolved without oxygen

76
Q

Prokaryotic Heterotrophs

A

-photosynthetic bacteria that evolved due to lack of resources 2.2 billion years ago

77
Q

What did the oxygen released by photosynthetic bacteria lead to

A
  • caused iron in ocean to rust and sink leading to blue ocean
  • ozone layer formed and skies turned blue
  • led to first extinction due to oxygen presence
78
Q

How do many scientists believe eukaryotic cell developed, who invented this theory

A

Large prokaryote ate small one and allowed it to live inside of it, had a symbiotic relationship
-Lynn mullis invented the endosymbiotic theory

79
Q

What is evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have their own DNA and can replicate without the cell

80
Q

What did sexual reproduction lead to

A
  • allowed evolution to occur faster

- multicellular organisms millions of years later led to increased genetic diversity

81
Q

What is the first step of life

A

Precambrian soft body organisms

82
Q

What came after the Precambrian

A

Cambrian explosion

83
Q

What came after the Cambrian

A

Invertebrates

84
Q

What came after invertebrates

A

Vertebrates

85
Q

What came after vertebrates

A

Land plants

86
Q

What came after land plants

A

Arthropods (small animals)

87
Q

What came after Arthropods

A

Amphibians

88
Q

What came after amphibians

A

Reptiles

89
Q

What came after reptiles

A

Small mammals and dinosaurs

90
Q

What came after small mammals and dinosaurs

A

Birds and a mass extinction of 1/2 of all organisms

91
Q

What came after birds and extinction

A

Large mammals

92
Q

What came after large mammals

A

The ice age

93
Q

What came after the ice age

A

Man

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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