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HS > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the male and female gonads?

A

Male-testes

Females-ovaries

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2
Q

What gametes do male and female gomads produce?

A

Male- sperm

Female- eggs

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3
Q

What does each lobule of the testes contain?

What kind of structure are they?

A
  • One to four seminiferous tubles.

- Tightly coiled structures

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4
Q

What do testes function as?

A

A sperm-forming factory

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5
Q

What do interstitual cells in the seminiferous tubles produce?

A

androgens such as testosterone

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6
Q

What are the three parts of the duct system?

A
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • urethra
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7
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

It is a comma-shaped, tightly coiled tubule.

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8
Q

Where is the epididymis found?

A

superior part of the testis and along the posterior lateral side.

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9
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

mature and store sperms cells (at least 20 days).

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10
Q

Where does the epididymis expell sperm to?

A

the vas deferens

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11
Q

Where does the vas deferens carry sperm from to?

A

from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

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12
Q

What does the vas deferens move sperm bu?

A

peristalsis

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13
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes to prevent transportation of sperm.

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14
Q

Were does the urethra of a male extend from to?

A

extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis.

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15
Q

What does the urethra of a male carry?

A

both urine and sperm

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16
Q

Where does sperm enter the urethra from?

A

the vas deferens

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17
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral glands
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18
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

A

at the base of the bladder

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19
Q

What do the seminal vesicles produce? What percent of semen does this make up?

A
  • thick, yellowish secretion

- 60 percent of semen

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20
Q

Where is the prostate located?

A

encircles the upper part of the urethra

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21
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

a milky fluid

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22
Q

What does the prostate help?

A

helps activate sperm

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23
Q

What is the third most common cancer in males?

A

prostate cancer

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24
Q

Describe the bulbourethral glands (size, location)?

A

pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate

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25
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?

A

thick, clear mucus

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26
Q

What does the mucus produced bu the bulbourethral gland do?

A

cleanses the urethra of acidic urine prior to ejaculation adn serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.

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27
Q

What is semen?

A

a mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

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28
Q

What are the 4 advantages of accessory gland secretions?

A

1) fructose (seminal vesicles) provides energy for sperm cells
2) alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina
3) semen inhibits bacterial multiplication
4) elements of semen enhance sperm motility

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29
Q

What are the parts of the external genitalia?

A
  • scrotum

- penis

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30
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

divided sac of skin outside the abdomen

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31
Q

What does the scrotum do?

A

maintaines testes at 3 degrees celcius lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm vitality

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32
Q

What is the purpose of the penis?

A

The purpose of the penis is to deliver sperm into the female reproductive system.

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33
Q

How many areas of spongy erectile tissue are around the urethra?

A

3

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34
Q

When do erections occur?

A

when the erectile tissue fills with blood during sexual excitment

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35
Q

What is Spermatogenesis? When does this begin? Where does it occur?

A

production of sperm cells
begins at puperty and continues throughout life
it occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the testes

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36
Q

What hormone modifies spermatogonia division?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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37
Q

Union of a sperm____chromosomes with an egg___chromosomes creases a zygote (____chromosomes).

A
  • 23
  • 23
  • 46
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38
Q

What is the only human flagellated cell?

A

mature sperm cell

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39
Q

What does the head of a mature sperm cell contain?

A

DNA

Acrosome “helmet” on the nucleus

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40
Q

What does the acrosome do?

A

breaks down and releases anzymes to help the sperm penetrate an egg

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41
Q

What does the midpiece of a mature sperm cell do?

A

wrapped by the mitochondria for ATP generation

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42
Q

What is the most important hormone of the testes?

A

testosterone

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43
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

the interstitial cells

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44
Q

During puberty, ____hormone (__) activate the interstitial cells.

A
  • luteinizing hormone

- LH

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45
Q

What are the seven functions of testosterone?

A

1) stimulates reproductive organ development
2) underlies sex drive
3) causes secondary sex characteristics
4) deepening of voice
5) increased hair growth
6) enlargement of skeletal muscles
7) thickening of bones

46
Q

What are the ovaries composed of?

A

Ovarian follicles

47
Q

What does each ovarian follicle consist of?

A 
oocyte (immature egg)
follicular cells (surround the oocyte, grows with the maturing oocyte)
48
Q

What is ovulation? How often does it occur?

A
  • when the egg is mature, the follicle ruptures

- occurs every 28 days (give or take a few)

49
Q

What does the ruptured follicle trasnorm into?

A

corpus luteum

50
Q

What are the three parts of the duct system?

A

1) fallopian tubes
2) uterus
3) vagina

51
Q

What do the fallopian tubes receive?

A

the ovulated oocyte

52
Q

What do the fallopian tubes provide?

A

a sight of ovulation

53
Q

What are the fallopian tubes attatched to?

A

the uterus

54
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

finger-like projections at the distal end of the fallopian tube that reveive the oocyte from the ovary

55
Q

What are cilia (location, job)? How long does their job take?

A

Located inside the fallopian tube; slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus. Takes 3-4 days.

56
Q

Where does fertilization of an oocyte occur? How long does an oocyte live for?

A
  • the fallpian tubes

- 24 hours

57
Q

Where is the uterus located?

A

between the urinary bladder and rectum

58
Q

Is the uterus a hollow organ?

A

yes

59
Q

What are the three functions of the uterus?

A

1) receives a fertilized egg
2) retains the fertilized egg
3) nourishes the fertilized egg

60
Q

What are the regions of the uterus?

A

1) body (main portion)
2) fundus (superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters)
3) cervix (narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina)

61
Q

What are the walls of the uterus?

A
  • endometrium
  • inner layer
  • allows for implantation of fertilized egg
  • sloughs off if no pregnancy occures (menses)
62
Q

Where the vagina extend to?

A

from cervix to exterior of body

63
Q

Where is the vagina located?

A

between bladder and rectum

64
Q

What does the vagina serve as?

A

the birth canal

65
Q

What does the vagina receive?

A

the penis during sexual intercourse

66
Q

What is the hymen?

A

partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured

67
Q

What is Oogenesis?

A

The total supply of eggs that are present at birth.

68
Q

When are we able to release eggs?

A

at puberty

69
Q

When does reproductive ability end?

A

menopause

70
Q

Where are oocytes matured?

A

developing ovarian follicles

71
Q

Where are oogonia found?

A

female stem cells found in developing fetus

72
Q

What do both oogonia and spermatogonia undergo to produce primary oocytes and stem cells?

A

mitosis (for girls this takes place in developing fetus).

73
Q

Primary oocytes are____until puberty?

A

inactive

74
Q

Primary oocytes are surrounded by cells that form _____ _____ in the ovary.

A

primary

follicles

75
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes what?

A

primary follicles to mature each month.

76
Q

Where does meiosis stars in a female?

A

inside the maturing follicle

77
Q

What produces a secondary oocyte and teh first polar body?

A

meiosis

78
Q

How long does follicle development to the stage of a cesicular follice take?

A

about 14 days

79
Q

Ovulation of a secondary oocyte occurs with the release of what?

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

80
Q

Meiosis is completed after ovulation only if what penetrates?

A

the sperm

81
Q

If sperm penetrates oocyte what is produced?

A

ovum and then two additional polar bodies

82
Q

Once ovum is formed, the 23 chromosomes can be combined with those of the____to form the fertilized egg (____).

A

sperm

zygote

83
Q

What happens if teh secondary oocyte is not penetrated by a sperm?

A

it dies and does not complete meiosis to form an ovum

84
Q

What happens in meiosis (males)?

A

produced four functional sperm

85
Q

What happens in meiosis (females)?

A

produces one functional ovum and three polar bodies

86
Q

Describe sperm (sex cell size and structure)

A

tiny, motil, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid

87
Q

Describe egg (sex cell size and structure)

A

large, non-motile, and has nutrients reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation

88
Q

What are cuclic changes of the enddometrium regulated by?

A

cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone

89
Q

What do FSH and LH regulate?

A

the production of estrogens and progesterone

90
Q

What is the average length of both menstrual and ovulation cycles?

A

about 28 days

91
Q

When does ovulation typically occur?

A

midway through cycle on day 14

92
Q

What are the three staes of the menstrual cycle?

A

1) Menstrual Phase (follicular)
2) Ovulation Stage
3) Luteal Stage

93
Q

What days of cycle does menstration (menstrual phase) occur?

A

days 1 to 5

94
Q

What is sloughed during menstrual phase?

A

functional layer of the endometrium

95
Q

How long does bleeding occur for?

A

3-5 days

96
Q

By day 5, growing ovarian follicles are producing more _____.

A

estrogen

97
Q

One which days does the ovulation stage occur?

A

days 6 to 14

98
Q

What happens to the functional layer of the endometrium during the ovulation stage?

A

regeneration

99
Q

What levels rise during ovulation stage?

A

estrogen

100
Q

What occurs in the ovary at the end of the ovulation stage?

A

ovulation

101
Q

When does the luteal stage take place?

A

days 15 to 28

102
Q

Levels of_____rise and____the blood supply to the _____.

A

progesterone
increase
endometrium

103
Q

What increases in size and readies for implantation during the luteal stage?

A

endometrium

104
Q

If fertilization does occur:

____produces a hormone that causes the _____to continue producing its hormones.

A

embryo

corpus luteum

105
Q

If fertilization does not occur:

Corpus luteum_____as____blood levels decline.

A

degenerates

LH

106
Q

What are estrogens produced by?

A

follicle cells

107
Q

What 6 things does increase in estrogen cause? THINK: what happens during puberty.

A

1) development of breasts
2) pubic hair
3) increase in fat in hips and breasts
4) widening and lightening of the pelvis
5) get period
6) enlargment of accessory organs of the female reproductive system

108
Q

What is progesterone produced by?

A

the corpus luteum

109
Q

When does production of LH continue until?

A

continues until LH diminishes in the blood

110
Q

Does progesterone contribute to tehe appearance of secondary sex characteristics?

A

No

111
Q

What does progesterone help maintain? What does it help prepare?

A
  • helps maintain pregnancy

- prepare the breasts for milk production

HS (18 decks)

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