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kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

How many types of action do body wastes originate or accumulate from?

A

2

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2
Q

What is external metabolic processes? What does it result in

A

energy is converted from one form to another.

  • Results in body parts being built up or broken down
  • results in waste products
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3
Q

What can ingestion of nutrients bring in?

A

excess amounts of nutrients or substances that are not needed

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4
Q

What are waste substances? List

A

1) gas released by the processes of respiration: carbon dioxide
2) water, as a byproduct of respiration, or as an excess of ingestion
3) mineral salts, such as sodium, chlorine, and potassium
4) ammonio or nitrigen products (fromcellular respiration involving proteins)
5) excess organic substances ingested in bodies (cellulose or vitamins)
6) parts of cells or tissues which are no longer functioning, such as animal skin cells or RBC
7) toxins (medication, drugs or alcohol)

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5
Q

What is excretion?

A

matter which leaves cells and is considered to be of no value and possibly eben harmful to the body

  • amonia
  • carbon dioxide gas
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6
Q

What is secretion?

A

a material that is useful to the body in some way

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7
Q

What do cells do in secretion?

A

cells can produce, accumulate and then release material to outside of the cell

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8
Q

If the material is considered useful to the body in some way, what is it regarded as?

A

secretion

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9
Q

What are digestive enzymes released into the mouth, stomach, or small intestions?

A

secret

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10
Q

What is elimination?

A

the final removal of a substance out of a body.

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11
Q

Organisms consume a lot of…

A

protein

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12
Q

Can protein be stored in large amounts?

A

No

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13
Q

Why can’t protein be stored in large amounts?

A

the protein molecule is made up of amino acids that contain nitrogen in the amino group.

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14
Q

What is deamination and where does it occur? What is the byproduct?

A

deamination is the process in which the amino group containing nitrogen must be removed from theamino acid. It occurs in the liver. Byproduct=amonia.

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15
Q

Is amonia a safe substance?

A

No. Amonia is toxic.

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16
Q

Is amonia water soluble?

A

yes

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17
Q

What works to get rid of amonia?

A

the liver

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18
Q

What comnbines to form urea?

A

two molecules of ammonia combine with another waster product, CO2.

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19
Q

Is urea harmful? Is it water soluble?

A

Not harmful. Water soluble.

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20
Q

What is uric acid?

A

An almost insoluble crystal and is not very toxic in this form.

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21
Q

What do we need to excrete urea?

A

water

22
Q

What are kidney stones?

A

solid crystal aggregation that forms inthe kidney from dietary minerals
calcium oxalate and uric acid

23
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the regulation of an organism’s internal environment ot maintain conditions needed for life.

24
Q

What are the parts of the excretory system? Explain each.

A

1) lungs (removes carbon dioxide and water)
2) skin (excretes water and salts)
3) kidneys (major organ)
4) bladder (storage)

25
Q

How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?

A

REmoving wastes and excess water from teh body and by maintaining the pH of blood.

26
Q

What vein and artery do the kidneys have?

A 
renal artery (blod with wastes)
renal vein (blood without wastes)
renal artery leads in and renal vein leads out
27
Q

what leads from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

tube-like ureter

28
Q

Whatdoes the internal structure of a kidney show?

A

2 distinct areas. outer darker cortex, lighter inner medulla, inner chamber called the pelvis where urin collects

29
Q

What is the basic unit of kidneys?

A

nephron

30
Q

How may nephrons per kidney?

A

one million

31
Q

What do arteries ina kidney divide into?

A

smaller branches

32
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

twisted, folded clump of capillaries

33
Q

A blood capillary leads out of the glomerulus and divides and re-divides around a tubule….what is this finally classified as?

A

a vein

34
Q

a collecting tubule forms a double walled chamber around th egolmerulus…what is this?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

35
Q

What does the tubule from Bowman’s Capsule straighten out to form? What does it extend into?

A

Henle’s Loop. Extends into the medulla.

36
Q

What three types of action occur in a nephron?

A

1) filtration (fluid from plasma passes into nephron)
2) reabsorption (molecules are reabsorbed into the capillaries)
3) secretion (molecules from blood are secreted into nephron)

37
Q

What happens at the sight of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule? What does this start with

A

blood pressure produces filtration. Starts with water and other molecules passing through capillary walls and into bowmans capsule

38
Q

What are the two things that remain to continue their way along the capillary?

A

RBC’s and larger proteins

39
Q

How many litres of blood do kidneys filter each day.

A

80L

40
Q

What would survival not be possible if?

A

survival would no tbe possible if a body eliminated the fluids and other matter at the same rate that they are filtered. This is neede to maintain blood volume.

41
Q

What does the capillary network carry out most of ?

A

reabsorption of most matter which entered the tube.

42
Q

What is reabsorbed by active transport?

A

glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamin and mineral ions such as sodium, potassium and calcium (buffres such as bicarbonate)

43
Q

What can the size of the loop of Henle be an indicator of?

A

where a certain organism lives

44
Q

How much of the water initially filtered out re-enters the blood to maintain proper blood volume?

A

80-85%

45
Q

What is osmosis?

A

proper blood volume

46
Q

Where does tubular secretion occur?

A

the nephron

47
Q

how much urine does tubular secretion produce?

A

1.5L a day

48
Q

Certain substances are removed from the __ and added to the__

A

blood, filtrate (active transport)

49
Q

An example of active transport

A

escess of H+ in the blood

50
Q

what is the final composition of the urine eliminated from a body?

A

95% water, urea which is combined with carbon makes up about 2-3% and the ramaining is excess kineral salts and excess minerals.

HS (18 decks)

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