kidneys Flashcards
How many types of action do body wastes originate or accumulate from?
2
What is external metabolic processes? What does it result in
energy is converted from one form to another.
- Results in body parts being built up or broken down
- results in waste products
What can ingestion of nutrients bring in?
excess amounts of nutrients or substances that are not needed
What are waste substances? List
1) gas released by the processes of respiration: carbon dioxide
2) water, as a byproduct of respiration, or as an excess of ingestion
3) mineral salts, such as sodium, chlorine, and potassium
4) ammonio or nitrigen products (fromcellular respiration involving proteins)
5) excess organic substances ingested in bodies (cellulose or vitamins)
6) parts of cells or tissues which are no longer functioning, such as animal skin cells or RBC
7) toxins (medication, drugs or alcohol)
What is excretion?
matter which leaves cells and is considered to be of no value and possibly eben harmful to the body
- amonia
- carbon dioxide gas
What is secretion?
a material that is useful to the body in some way
What do cells do in secretion?
cells can produce, accumulate and then release material to outside of the cell
If the material is considered useful to the body in some way, what is it regarded as?
secretion
What are digestive enzymes released into the mouth, stomach, or small intestions?
secret
What is elimination?
the final removal of a substance out of a body.
Organisms consume a lot of…
protein
Can protein be stored in large amounts?
No
Why can’t protein be stored in large amounts?
the protein molecule is made up of amino acids that contain nitrogen in the amino group.
What is deamination and where does it occur? What is the byproduct?
deamination is the process in which the amino group containing nitrogen must be removed from theamino acid. It occurs in the liver. Byproduct=amonia.
Is amonia a safe substance?
No. Amonia is toxic.
Is amonia water soluble?
yes
What works to get rid of amonia?
the liver
What comnbines to form urea?
two molecules of ammonia combine with another waster product, CO2.
Is urea harmful? Is it water soluble?
Not harmful. Water soluble.
What is uric acid?
An almost insoluble crystal and is not very toxic in this form.
What do we need to excrete urea?
water
What are kidney stones?
solid crystal aggregation that forms inthe kidney from dietary minerals
calcium oxalate and uric acid
What is homeostasis?
the regulation of an organism’s internal environment ot maintain conditions needed for life.
What are the parts of the excretory system? Explain each.
1) lungs (removes carbon dioxide and water)
2) skin (excretes water and salts)
3) kidneys (major organ)
4) bladder (storage)
How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?
REmoving wastes and excess water from teh body and by maintaining the pH of blood.
What vein and artery do the kidneys have?
renal artery (blod with wastes) renal vein (blood without wastes) renal artery leads in and renal vein leads out
what leads from the kidneys to the bladder?
tube-like ureter
Whatdoes the internal structure of a kidney show?
2 distinct areas. outer darker cortex, lighter inner medulla, inner chamber called the pelvis where urin collects
What is the basic unit of kidneys?
nephron
How may nephrons per kidney?
one million
What do arteries ina kidney divide into?
smaller branches
What is the glomerulus?
twisted, folded clump of capillaries
A blood capillary leads out of the glomerulus and divides and re-divides around a tubule….what is this finally classified as?
a vein
a collecting tubule forms a double walled chamber around th egolmerulus…what is this?
Bowman’s Capsule
What does the tubule from Bowman’s Capsule straighten out to form? What does it extend into?
Henle’s Loop. Extends into the medulla.
What three types of action occur in a nephron?
1) filtration (fluid from plasma passes into nephron)
2) reabsorption (molecules are reabsorbed into the capillaries)
3) secretion (molecules from blood are secreted into nephron)
What happens at the sight of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule? What does this start with
blood pressure produces filtration. Starts with water and other molecules passing through capillary walls and into bowmans capsule
What are the two things that remain to continue their way along the capillary?
RBC’s and larger proteins
How many litres of blood do kidneys filter each day.
80L
What would survival not be possible if?
survival would no tbe possible if a body eliminated the fluids and other matter at the same rate that they are filtered. This is neede to maintain blood volume.
What does the capillary network carry out most of ?
reabsorption of most matter which entered the tube.
What is reabsorbed by active transport?
glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamin and mineral ions such as sodium, potassium and calcium (buffres such as bicarbonate)
What can the size of the loop of Henle be an indicator of?
where a certain organism lives
How much of the water initially filtered out re-enters the blood to maintain proper blood volume?
80-85%
What is osmosis?
proper blood volume
Where does tubular secretion occur?
the nephron
how much urine does tubular secretion produce?
1.5L a day
Certain substances are removed from the __ and added to the__
blood, filtrate (active transport)
An example of active transport
escess of H+ in the blood
what is the final composition of the urine eliminated from a body?
95% water, urea which is combined with carbon makes up about 2-3% and the ramaining is excess kineral salts and excess minerals.
