Immunity and the Lymphatic System Flashcards
What is a disease?
A disease is an impairment of the normal state of the living animal body or one of its parts that interrupts or modifies the performance of the vital function, is typicfally manifested by distinguishable and predictable signs and symptoms.
What is a pathogenic disease? Provide one example.
> A disease caused by a pathogen: fungi, virus, or bacteria.
> lyme disease, ebola
What isa deficiency disease? Provide one example.
> Any illness caused by lack of issential or important nutrients.
scurvy, rickets
What is a hereditary disease? Provide one example.
> Genetic isease caused by genen abnormality. Inherited from parents.
Colour blindness, hemophilia
What is a physiological disease? Provde one example.
> Organs malfunction causing illness and somatic symptoms. A mental or behavioral pattern that causes suffuring or an impaired ability to function in a normal life.
anxiety disorder, anorexia
What is an illness? Provide one example.
> A disease or period of sickness saffecting the body or mind. Impairing full health.
flu, laryngitis
What is a disorder? Provide one example.
> An ailment that affects the function of the mind or nody. Distress of the mind or body.
eating disorder, kleptomania
What is a medical condition? Provide one example.
> A disease, illness, or injury. Any psychiological, mental, or physical condition or disorder. Describes patients conditions in the hospital. Disease, illness, or injury.
epilipesy, peanut allergy
What is a syndrome? Provide one example.
> A group of symptoms that together are characteristic of a specific disorder or disease.
irritable bowel syndrome, down syndrome
What does the cutaneous membrane consist of?
skin and its derivatives (sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails)
What kind of role does the cutaneous membrane serve?
mainly a protective role
What does the cutaneous membrane cushion and insulate?
deep body organs
What does the cutaneous membrane protect the body from?
physical damage, chemical damage, thermal damage, ultraviolet radiation, and bacteria (keratin)
What does the cutaneous membrane regulate?
heat loss (capillaries and sweat glands)
What does the cutaneous membrance excrete?
salt and water
What does the cutaneous membrance synthesize?
vitamin D
What do sensory receptors in the cutaneous membrane detect?
> pain
pressure
temperature
touch
What does the epidermis contain?
keratin–makes it hard and tough
How many layers does the epidermis have?
5
Is the epidermis avascular or vascular?
avascular (no blood supply)
Is the dermis hard to tear?
yes
How many layers does the dermis have?
2
What do the definite patterns on hands/feet do?
increase grip
True or False: the dermis contains collagen and elastic fibers
true (toughness and elasticity)
True or False: the dermis is poor in nerve endings.
> false
> the dermis is rich in nerve endings
Where is the hypodermis located?
below the dermis
What does the hypodermis contain? What does it anchor the skin to? What does it act as?
> fat storage
nutrients
> anchors skin to underlying organs
> acts as a shock absorber/temperature regulator
What do lymphatic vessels form?
a drainage system
What does this drainage system “pick up” and what was it lost from? What does it return it to?
excess interstitial fluid (lost from blood during nutrient/gas exchange) and returns it to the blood via the venous system
What is the excess interstitial fluid now call after it is returned to the blood via the venous system?
lymph
Is the drainage system formed by lymphatic vessels a one way or two way system?
two way system (have minivalves)
What are the lymphatic vessesl large enough to fit?
> proteins > cell debris > bacter > virus These things can all enter
What do lymph nodes remove?
remove foreign material (bacteria/viruses/tumor cells) from the lymphatic system
What do the lymph nodes produce?
lymphocytes (contain macrophages)
True or False: are the lymph nodes a lymph organ?
true
What are the other lymph organs?
> spleen > tonsils > thymus > peyer's patches > appendix
What is the purpose of the spleen? Hint: 3 things
1) filter blood of foreign particles
2) make lymphocytes
3) destroy worn out RBCs
What is the purpose of tonsils? Hint: 1 thing
1) trap and remove any foreign particles that enter the throat
What is the purpose of the thymus? Hint: when is it most active, adn what does it function in?
> most active in youth
> functions in the programming of certain lymphocytes
Where is the peyer’s patches found? What do they capture?
> in small intestine
> capture and destroy bacteria from intestines
Where is the appendix located? What does it capture?
> off the large intestine
> capture and destroy bacteria from intestines
What is a pathogen?
a bacterial cell, viral cell, or other type of microorganism that can cause disease
What are the two main components of the human immune system?
1) Innate Defenses (nonspecific immunity)
2) Adaptive Defenses (specific immunity)
What are innate defenses aimed at?
not aimed at a specific pathogen, always prepared to defend
Do innate defenses have memory?
no
What is the first line of defense? Hint: three things
surface membrane pbarriers (physical and chemical barriers)
> skin
> mucous membranes
> stomach lining
What do the mucous membranes contain?
lysozme (acid and trap foreign particles)
What is the decond line of defense?
natural killer cells (group of lumphocytes that can lyse and kill cancer cells, virus infected body cells, and other nonspecific targets)
When is an inflammatory response triggered?
when body tissues are injured
Inflammatory Response:
What do injured cells release? What do they activate? What do they attract? What do they cause?
> inflammatory chemicles (histamine and kinins) that dialate blood vessels and cause them to become leaky (edema)
activate pain receptors
attract neutrophils and monocytes
causes redness, heat, swelling, aind pain
Where are phagocytes present in?
nearly every body organ
What do antimicrobial protens do?
attack microbes direct or inhibit their ability to reproduce
What does a fever increase?
What does a fever cause to be taken up by liver?
> metabolic rate (which increases repair processes, hence why you have a fever when you are sick)
Zn adn Fe to be take up by liver
What are adaptive defenses aidmed at
specific pathogen
Do adaptive defenses have to be previously exposed to pathogens before they can defend?
yes
___ and ___ are intimately involved in specific immunity (adaptive defenses).
> lymphatic system
> blood vessels
What do adaptive defenses result in?
highly specific resistance to disease (immunity)
Do adaptive defenses have memory?
yes
Are adaptive defenses restriced to initial infection site?
no
What are two examples of illnesses caused by bacteria?
> pneumonia
chlamydia
food poisoning
pink eye
What kind of cell are bacteria?
prokaryotic
What are bacteria reproduced by?
binary fission
Bacteria contain____membrane and sometimes a___wall.
> plasma
> cell
Bacteria are very_____cells with their own______processes.
> primitive
>metabolic
What are some (two) examples of illnesses causes by a virus?
> HIV > influenza > comman cold > HPV > chicken pox > small pox
What is a virus?
a small infectious agent
Where can viruses replicate?
only inside the living cells of other organisms
Can viruses infect all life forms?
yes
What do viruses consist of? What is it protected by?
> genetic information
> protective protein coat called a capsid (and sometimes an envelope of lipids)
Do viruses have a cellular structure or their own metabolism?
no
How do viruses create copies?
throughself assembly (cannot reproduce outside of a host cell)
What are antibodies?
recognize foreign antigens and act to inactivate or destory them
What is an antigen?
any substance capable of movilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response
List some (3-4) examples of antigens.
> proteins > nucleic acids > large carbs > some lipids > pollen grains and microorganisms are antigenic because their surfaces bear such foreign molecules
What are antibodies dependent on?
> lymphocytes
> antigen presenting cells
Where are lymphocytes made?
red bone marrow
What do lymphocytes become once they are mature?
immunocompetent
Where do lymphocytes migrate to?
lymph nodes and spelln
What are the two kinds of lymphocytes?
> B-Cells
> T-Cells
What are B-cells (3 things)?
> mature in bone marrow
produce antibodies
attack invaders outside the cell
What are T-cells (3 things)?
> mature in thymus
non-antibody producing
attack invaders inside the cells
What do antigen presenting cells (APCs) engulf and process?
antigens
Where do APCs present antigens to?
cells that dealt with antigens
Where are APCs confined to?
lymph nodes
What are two types of APCs?
> macrophages
> dendritic cells
What are the two subcatagories of adaptive defenses?
> antibody mediated immunity
> cell mediated immunity
What do helper T-Cells do (antibody mediated response)?
encounter processed antigens (now activated) and will bind to B-cells to activate them?
What is activation of a B-cell due to?
The binding of the antigen to the B-cell surface receptors. This can happen with or without the help of a helper T-cell.
What does acrivation of a B-cell lead to?
clonal selection (rapid growth and multiplication)
What does activation of B-cell produce?
large numver of specific antibodies (plasma cells)
Where are memory B-cells stored?
the spleen
What is complement fixation?
Antibodies inactivate antigens
> complement fixation- antibody ninds to antigen to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis
What is neutralization?
Antibodies inactivate antigens
> Antibody bins to bacterial exotoxins or viruses that can cause cell injury (block harmful effects)
What is agglutination?
Antibodies inactivate antigens
> clumping of foreign particles into large masses (makes them immobile and easier to destroy via phagocytosis)
What to T-cells encounter (cell mediated response)?
processed antigens in combination with one of the APCs own proteins
What does this lead to (T-cells encountering nonself in combination with APCs self)?
activates clonal selection of the T-cells
Can T-cell clones be placed into different classes?
yes
Helper T-cells are____of the immune system.
directors
What do helper T-cells release? What does this do?
cytokine chemicals that stimulate cytotoxic T-cells and B-cells to grow and divide and attract neutrophils (and other WBCs to an area and stimulate macrophage appetite)
What are Cytotoxic (killer) T-cells?
specialize in killing virus infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells
What are Regulatory (suppressor) T-cells?
release chemicles that suppress the activity of both T and B cells
What does AIDS stand for?
Acquired immunodefinciency syndrome
What does AIDS result form?
infection by HIV (human immodeficiency virus)
What kind of virus is HIV
RNA (as opposed to DNA)
The HIV virus enters the____of an individual?
> T-cells
What can the virus direct the host cell to produce once inside the cell?
to produce the virus’ own proteins
The viral proteins can___the other T-cells?
> infect
What happens to the host T-cells that are taken over by the HIV virus?
they are eventually destroyed
What does the reduction in T-cells lead to?
AIDS and the bodies defense system is destroyed
