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HS > Molecules of Life > Flashcards

Molecules of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion an example of?

A

decomposition

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2
Q

What happens in decomposition?

A

Molevules are broken down into smaller units.

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3
Q

What is muscle tissue formation an example of?

A

Synthesis

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4
Q

What happens in synthesis?

A

Molecules are built up from smaller parts.

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5
Q

What are blood sugar levels an example of?

A

Both synthesis and decomposition.

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6
Q

What happens when synthesis and decomposition act together?

A

The two processes act to keep the level of glucose in the blood at a constant level.

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7
Q

What is glucose?

A

A sugar that we use for energy. If its levels get too high or too low, it’s harmful to us.

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8
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A sugar that acts as a storage compound. It is easily converted to glucose.

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9
Q

What happens if glucose levels in the blood drop?

A

Glycogen is decomposed to form glucose.

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10
Q

What happens if glucose levels in the blood rise?

A

Glycogen is synthesized to decrease the amount of glucose.

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11
Q

What is the regulation of a certain level known as?

A

Homeostasis

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12
Q

Synthesis and decomposition: which is endothermic and which is exothermic?

A

Synthesis=endothermic

Decomposition=exothermic

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13
Q

Which is decomposition and which is synthesis: dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

A

Synthesis: dehydration synthesis
Decomposition: Hydrolysis

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14
Q

List the 3 macromolecules of life?

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Lipids

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates an important source of?

A

Energy

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16
Q

What source of energy does the body prefer?

A

Carbohydrates

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17
Q

What atoms are all carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

1:2:1 ratio

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18
Q

How many groups of carbohydrates are there? Name them.

A
  • 3

- monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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19
Q

What does monosaccharide mean?

What are the three types? Explain each.

A
  • 1 sugar
    i) glucose (aka blood sugar)-6 sided polygon
    ii) fructose (aka fruit sugar)-five sided polygon
    iii) galactose-6 sided polygon
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20
Q

What does disaccharide mean?
How are disaccharides formed?
What are the names of the disaccharides. Explain each.

A
  • 2 sugars
  • formed chemically by the joining of two momosaccharide molecules through dehydration synthesis.
    i) sucrose (aka table sugar) glucose+fructose
    ii) lactose (aka milk sugar) galactose+glucose
    iii) maltose (produced during bread/beer making) glucose+glucose
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21
Q

What does polysaccharide mean?
How are polysaccharides formed?
What are the names of the polysaccharides? Explain each.

A
  • many sugars
  • are polymers of a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
    i) starch (plant storage)
    ii) glycogen (animal storage)
    iii) cellulose (plant fibre)
    iv) chitin (found inprotective exoskeletons of arthropods)
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22
Q

What may polysaccharides split to form? What is this called and why?

A
  • monosaccharides

- called hydrolysis reaction because a water is split and consumed

23
Q

How many classes of proteins are there. List please.

A
  • 7
    1) Structural- are fibrous, stringy and provide support. Ex. keratin strengthens protective coverings such as hair, quills, feathers, horns, and beaks.
    2) Contractile- are responsible for muscel contraction and movement.
    3) Storage- store amino acids. Found in egg whites and milk.
    4) Defense- antibodies are specialized proteins involved in defending the body from antigens
    5) Transport- are carrier proteins which move molecules from one place to another around the body.
    6) Signal- are messenger proteins which help to coordinate certain bodily activities
    7) Enzymes- facilitate biochemical reactions, often referred to aas catalysts because they speed up chemical reactions.
24
Q

What elements does protein contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen along with nitrogen and sometimes sulpher and phosphorus.

25
Q

What is a protein? Organic or manmade?

A

Organic

26
Q

What is a protein composed of?

A

One or more chains of polypeptides.

27
Q

What are polypeptides formed from?

A

20 varying arrangements of amino acids.

28
Q

What are amino acids joined by?

A

Special bonds called peptide bonds.

29
Q

How do peptide bonds occur?

A

dehydration synthesis

30
Q

amino acid + amino acid=

A

dipeptide

31
Q

chain of amino acids=

A

polypeptide

32
Q

What happens when a polypeptide is modified (often twisted) to its working structure?

A

It is then called a protein.

33
Q

How many amino acids long can protein molecules be? What do many assume?

A

100-10000 amino acids long.

They assume a variety of different shapes.

34
Q

What are lipids used as? (4)

A

A source of energy, as long term storage, for making cell membranes and hormones in the body and for bringing in certain vitamins that are fat soluble.

35
Q

How much more energy does one gram of lipids contain than carbohydrates?

A

Over twice as much.

36
Q

How does the body sotre its energy reserves?

A

Fat rather than carbohydrates.

37
Q

What are the three different groups of lipids?

A

1) Fats/Oils
2) Waxes
3) Steroids

38
Q

How many different molecules are fats/oils made from? What are they? Explain.

A
  • 2
    1) glycerol- can be made in our cells
    2) fatty acids- long chain of carbon surrounded by hodrogen. We obtain these from the food we eat.
39
Q

How many fatty acid chains are connected to one glycerol molecule?

A

3

40
Q

What are fats catagorized by?

A

The bonds between teh carbon molecules in their fatty acid chains.

41
Q

What kind of bonds do saturated fats have?

A

single carbon bonds (C-C)

42
Q

What are saturated fats said to be “saturated” with?

A

Hydrogen atoms

43
Q

Are carbon bonds in saturated fats weak or strong?

A

Strong and hard to break down.

44
Q

What are examples of food made with saturated fat. Are they liquid or solid at room temperature?

A
  • Solid at room temperature

- buttuer, lard, and bacon. Maybe cream.

45
Q

What kind of a bond does monounsaturated fats have?

A

One double bond betweentwo carbons (C=C) in the chain of fatty acids.

46
Q

Does monounsaturated fats have more or less carbon than saturated fat?

A

less hydrogen’s present.

47
Q

Are monounsaturated fats said to be saturated or unsaturated with hydrogen atoms?

A

unsaturated

48
Q

Are monounsaturated fats liquid or solid at room temperature? Give examples of food.

A
  • liquid fats at room temperature

- avocado, oil, and canola oil

49
Q

What are polyunsaturaed fats characterized by?

A

More than one double bond between two carbons (C=C-C=C) in the chain of fatty acids.

50
Q

Which has the least amount of oxygen. (order from least to greatest)

A

polyunsaturated–>monounsaturated–>saturated

51
Q

Are polyunsaturated fats liquid or solid at room temperature? Give examples.

A
  • liquid fats at room temperature

- soy bean and fishoil

52
Q

What are waxes?

A

Long-chained fatty acids comnined iwth long-chained alcohols create insoluble molecules, which act as a waterproof coating for leafs, feathers, and fur.

53
Q

What are steroids (structure and function)?

A
  • Four linked rings of carbon atoms

- Functions include chemical messengers (hormones), digestions (bile acids), and cell membrane structure (cholesterol).

HS (18 decks)

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