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A & P 2 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Blastocyst?

A

Stage of embryo after morula; it is at this stage that the embryo implants into the wall of the uterus

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2
Q

Define the term Diploid

A

Having a pair of chromosomes for all the autosomes and sex chromosomes. Body cells are diploid. The diploid number is 46 for humans

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3
Q

What is an embryo?

A

Fertilized egg first 8 weeks after conception

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4
Q

Define endometrium

A

Mucous membrane lining the uterus; it is the inner most layer of the uterus

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5
Q

What is estrogen?

A

Sex hormone secreted by the ovaries that causes development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

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6
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The union of an ovum and a sperm resulting in conception. Normally takes place in the uterine tubes.

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7
Q

Define fetus

A

Stage of development from 8 weeks to 39 weeks

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8
Q

What are follicle cells?

A

They are ovarian cells that secrete female sex hormones; estrogen and progesterone

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9
Q

What are follicle cells?

A

They are ovarian cells that secrete female sex hormones; estrogen and progesterone

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10
Q

Define Haploid

A

Half the number of chromosomes that are in the body. Sperm and ovum are haploid. The haploid number for humans is 23

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11
Q

What are gametes?

A

Male and female reproductive cells. Female gametes are ova and male gametes are sperms

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12
Q

what is Follicle Stimulating Hormone?

A

FSH present in both males and females is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. FSH in males stimulates production of sperm cells. FSH in females stimulates the production of estrogen.

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13
Q

what is Morula?

A

Early stage of the embryo. It is a solid mass of blastomeres formed by the cleavage of a zygote that typically precedes the blastocyte

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14
Q

Define Myometrium?

A

Thick middle layer of the uterine wall

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15
Q

Define Oocyte

A

Immature ovum

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16
Q

What is Oogenesis?

A

Process through which the Oocyte matures to the ovum

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17
Q

What is Oogenesis?

A

The process by which primitive female sex cells or logo is become mature ova

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18
Q

What is the Ovarian cycle?

A

Menstral cycle

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19
Q

What is the ovary?

A

Female gonads. Makes the female hormones estrogen and progesterone and it is the site for Oogenesis

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20
Q

What is the Oviduct?

A

Ducts that lead to the ovaries

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21
Q

What is the ovum?

A

Female gametes or eggs. The human ovum contains 23 chromosomes.

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22
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that causes the uterus to contract during labor

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23
Q

placenta

A

structure that anchors the developing fetus to the uterus and provides for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and developing baby

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24
Q

progesterone

A

female hormone produced by the follicle cells( corpus luteum) of the ovary that helps prepare the uterus for implantation

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25
Q

prolactin

A

This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and helps stimulate the production of milk from the mammary glands

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26
Q

prostate gland

A

This male gland produces part of the semen fluid and is located around the male urethra below the urinary bladder

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27
Q

scrotum

A

pouch of skin that encloses the testes

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28
Q

seminal vesicle

A

highly convoluted pouch that secretes an alkaline viscous, creamy yellow liquid that constitutes 60% of semen volume; liquid contains fructose that nourishes sperm

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29
Q

sperm

A

male gametes

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30
Q

testes

A

male gonads; spermatogenesis occurs here, and testosterone is made by this male organ

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31
Q

testosterone

A

steroid sex hormone produced by the interstitial cell in the testes

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32
Q

uterus

A

womb, organ that nourishes developing offspring until birth

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33
Q

vagina

A

muscular internal tube frm uterus to vulva; female reproduction system

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34
Q

vas deferens

A

testicle duct that extends from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

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35
Q

zygote

A

first cell of an embryo; a fertilized ovum

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36
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

the amount of energy you consume when you are awake

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37
Q

calorie

A

a unit used in the meaurement of energy content of food, 1 food Calorie is equal to 1 kcalorie

38
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose or glycogen from protein or fat compunds

39
Q

glycogenesis

A

anabollic pathway of glycogen formation; formation of glycogen from glucose or other monosaccharides, such as fructose and or galactose

40
Q

glycogenolysis

A

hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate or to glucose

41
Q

glycolysis

A

first phase of cellular respiration; changes glucose to pyruvate (pyruvic acid) . Gycolysis is anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm

42
Q

nutrient

A

furnishing nourishment; includes carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, vitamins, water

43
Q

vitamin

A

organic molecules which are vital to life, they help enzymes operate effectively. vitamins are found in whole grains, fruits and vegetables

44
Q

mineral

A

Inorganic elements such as calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium and sodium that are vital to life and are obtained from foods eaten

45
Q

allele

A

Two or more forms of a gene, for example A is the dominant allele and a is the recessive allele

46
Q

autosomal dominant

A

must have at least one dominant gene to have the disease. HH and Hh would have disease, hh would be normal; EX: Huntington’s disease, familial hypercholesterolemia

47
Q

autosomal recessive

A

must have two recessive genes, one from each side of the family in order to have the disease; aa would have the disorder; EX: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs, Phenylketonuria

48
Q

down’s syndrome

A

group of symptoms usually caused by trisomy of chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and multiple structural defects, including facial, skeletal, and cardiovascular abnormalities

49
Q

gametes

A

a mature male or female germ cell usually possessing a haploid chromosome set and capable of initiating formation of a new diploid individual by fusion with a gamete of the opposite sex – called also sex cell; the ovum and sperm are gametes.

50
Q

gene

A

linear sequence of DNA which codes for a particular protein

51
Q

genotype

A

the alleles present; for example AA,Aa, aa are genotypes

52
Q

heterozygous

A

genotype with two different forms of a trait (Aa); having the two alleles at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes different for one or more loci

53
Q

homozygous dominant

A

genetic term; both alleles are the dominant alleles represented by two capital letters. For example the trait for normal skin pigmentation is AA

54
Q

homozygous recessive

A

genetic term; both alleles are the recessive alleles represented by two small letters. For example the trait for albinism is aa.

55
Q

karotype

A

orderly arrangement of photographs of chromosomes from a single cell used in genetic counseling

56
Q

kleinfelters syndrome

A

XXY

57
Q

pedigree

A

chart used in genetic counseling to illustrate genetic relationships over several generations

58
Q

phenotype

A

observable expression of alleles(traits) present in a given individual ( for example red hair, blue eyes)

59
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

X0

60
Q

acidosis

A

Body fluids are too acidic; for example if body fluids have a pH of 7.1 this would be considered acidosis. (Normal pH of body fluids is ~7.4)

61
Q

afferent arteriole

A

vessels that bring blood to the glomurulus

62
Q

alkalosis

A

Body fluids are too alkaline; for example if body fluids have a pH of 7.7 this would be considered alkalosis

63
Q

anion

A

negatively charged molecule (negative ion)

64
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

ADH is synthesized by the posterior pituitary gland. This hormone causes increase permeability of the collecting tubules of the kidney and thus causes retention of water. Urine volume is decreased, blood volume is increased. The increase in blood volume can cause an increase in blood pressure.

65
Q

bicarbonate ion

A

HCO3-; also called BB

66
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

a thin membranous double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus of a nephron through which glomerular filtrate passes to the proximal convoluted tubule;it is part of the renal corpulscle

67
Q

buffer

A

substance that reacts with an acid or base to weaken it

68
Q

calyx

A

cup-shaped branch of the renal pelvis

69
Q

carbonic acid

A

weak acid

70
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

71
Q

collecting tubule

A

straight tubule joined by the distal tubules of several nephron

72
Q

creatine

A

a white crystalline nigrogenous compound found in muscle tissue either free or as creatine-P ( phsosphocreatine)

73
Q

edema

A

Excess accumulation of fluid within the tissue spaces (IF)

74
Q

efferent arteriole

A

arterioles that exit the glomurulus

75
Q

electrolyte

A

substance that dissociates into ions (K+, Na+, Cl-) when placed into water

76
Q

extracellular fluid

A

liquid found outside of cells, located in 2 compartments: interstitial fluid and in blood (plasma)

77
Q

glomerulus

A

in the kidneys; compact cluster of capillaries forming part of the nephron

78
Q

interstitial fluid

A

IF; fluid that is between the cells

79
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid in the cells

80
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

a functional unit near a kidney glomerulus that controls renin release and is composed of juxtaglomerular cells and a macula densa

81
Q

ketosis

A

large amounts of ketone bodies in the blood of a person with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

82
Q

kidney

A

1 of the two organs that cleanses the blood of waste products; involved in filtration of the blood, reabsorption of important nutrients, and secretion of urine

83
Q

nephron

A

the funtional unit of the kidney; it consists of a renal copuscle, proxima convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule

84
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

these capillaries around the tubules in the kidneys. The function of these capillaries is in reabsorption during urine formation.

85
Q

renal corpuscle

A

the part of a nephron that consists of Bowman’s capsule with its included glomerulus –

86
Q

renin

A

produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney which leads to the formation of angiotensin, which causes the blood pressure to increase

87
Q

urea

A

this is a nonprotein nitrogenous waste product produced as a result of protein metabolism

88
Q

ureter

A

tubes which carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder

89
Q

urethra

A

the tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

90
Q

uric acid

A

results from the breakdown of nucleotides

91
Q

urinary bladder

A

sac-like organ that holds urine

A & P 2 (19 decks)

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