Reproduction Flashcards
What is Blastocyst?
Stage of embryo after morula; it is at this stage that the embryo implants into the wall of the uterus
Define the term Diploid
Having a pair of chromosomes for all the autosomes and sex chromosomes. Body cells are diploid. The diploid number is 46 for humans
What is an embryo?
Fertilized egg first 8 weeks after conception
Define endometrium
Mucous membrane lining the uterus; it is the inner most layer of the uterus
What is estrogen?
Sex hormone secreted by the ovaries that causes development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
What is fertilization?
The union of an ovum and a sperm resulting in conception. Normally takes place in the uterine tubes.
Define fetus
Stage of development from 8 weeks to 39 weeks
What are follicle cells?
They are ovarian cells that secrete female sex hormones; estrogen and progesterone
What are follicle cells?
They are ovarian cells that secrete female sex hormones; estrogen and progesterone
Define Haploid
Half the number of chromosomes that are in the body. Sperm and ovum are haploid. The haploid number for humans is 23
What are gametes?
Male and female reproductive cells. Female gametes are ova and male gametes are sperms
what is Follicle Stimulating Hormone?
FSH present in both males and females is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. FSH in males stimulates production of sperm cells. FSH in females stimulates the production of estrogen.
what is Morula?
Early stage of the embryo. It is a solid mass of blastomeres formed by the cleavage of a zygote that typically precedes the blastocyte
Define Myometrium?
Thick middle layer of the uterine wall
Define Oocyte
Immature ovum
What is Oogenesis?
Process through which the Oocyte matures to the ovum
What is Oogenesis?
The process by which primitive female sex cells or logo is become mature ova
What is the Ovarian cycle?
Menstral cycle
What is the ovary?
Female gonads. Makes the female hormones estrogen and progesterone and it is the site for Oogenesis
What is the Oviduct?
Ducts that lead to the ovaries
What is the ovum?
Female gametes or eggs. The human ovum contains 23 chromosomes.
What is oxytocin?
Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that causes the uterus to contract during labor
placenta
structure that anchors the developing fetus to the uterus and provides for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and developing baby
progesterone
female hormone produced by the follicle cells( corpus luteum) of the ovary that helps prepare the uterus for implantation
prolactin
This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and helps stimulate the production of milk from the mammary glands
prostate gland
This male gland produces part of the semen fluid and is located around the male urethra below the urinary bladder
scrotum
pouch of skin that encloses the testes
seminal vesicle
highly convoluted pouch that secretes an alkaline viscous, creamy yellow liquid that constitutes 60% of semen volume; liquid contains fructose that nourishes sperm
sperm
male gametes
testes
male gonads; spermatogenesis occurs here, and testosterone is made by this male organ
testosterone
steroid sex hormone produced by the interstitial cell in the testes
uterus
womb, organ that nourishes developing offspring until birth
vagina
muscular internal tube frm uterus to vulva; female reproduction system
vas deferens
testicle duct that extends from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
zygote
first cell of an embryo; a fertilized ovum
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
the amount of energy you consume when you are awake
calorie
a unit used in the meaurement of energy content of food, 1 food Calorie is equal to 1 kcalorie
gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose or glycogen from protein or fat compunds
glycogenesis
anabollic pathway of glycogen formation; formation of glycogen from glucose or other monosaccharides, such as fructose and or galactose
glycogenolysis
hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate or to glucose
glycolysis
first phase of cellular respiration; changes glucose to pyruvate (pyruvic acid) . Gycolysis is anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm
nutrient
furnishing nourishment; includes carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, vitamins, water
vitamin
organic molecules which are vital to life, they help enzymes operate effectively. vitamins are found in whole grains, fruits and vegetables
mineral
Inorganic elements such as calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium and sodium that are vital to life and are obtained from foods eaten
allele
Two or more forms of a gene, for example A is the dominant allele and a is the recessive allele
autosomal dominant
must have at least one dominant gene to have the disease. HH and Hh would have disease, hh would be normal; EX: Huntington’s disease, familial hypercholesterolemia
autosomal recessive
must have two recessive genes, one from each side of the family in order to have the disease; aa would have the disorder; EX: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs, Phenylketonuria
down’s syndrome
group of symptoms usually caused by trisomy of chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and multiple structural defects, including facial, skeletal, and cardiovascular abnormalities
gametes
a mature male or female germ cell usually possessing a haploid chromosome set and capable of initiating formation of a new diploid individual by fusion with a gamete of the opposite sex – called also sex cell; the ovum and sperm are gametes.
gene
linear sequence of DNA which codes for a particular protein
genotype
the alleles present; for example AA,Aa, aa are genotypes
heterozygous
genotype with two different forms of a trait (Aa); having the two alleles at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes different for one or more loci
homozygous dominant
genetic term; both alleles are the dominant alleles represented by two capital letters. For example the trait for normal skin pigmentation is AA
homozygous recessive
genetic term; both alleles are the recessive alleles represented by two small letters. For example the trait for albinism is aa.
karotype
orderly arrangement of photographs of chromosomes from a single cell used in genetic counseling
kleinfelters syndrome
XXY
pedigree
chart used in genetic counseling to illustrate genetic relationships over several generations
phenotype
observable expression of alleles(traits) present in a given individual ( for example red hair, blue eyes)
Turner’s syndrome
X0
acidosis
Body fluids are too acidic; for example if body fluids have a pH of 7.1 this would be considered acidosis. (Normal pH of body fluids is ~7.4)
afferent arteriole
vessels that bring blood to the glomurulus
alkalosis
Body fluids are too alkaline; for example if body fluids have a pH of 7.7 this would be considered alkalosis
anion
negatively charged molecule (negative ion)
antidiuretic hormone
ADH is synthesized by the posterior pituitary gland. This hormone causes increase permeability of the collecting tubules of the kidney and thus causes retention of water. Urine volume is decreased, blood volume is increased. The increase in blood volume can cause an increase in blood pressure.
bicarbonate ion
HCO3-; also called BB
bowman’s capsule
a thin membranous double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus of a nephron through which glomerular filtrate passes to the proximal convoluted tubule;it is part of the renal corpulscle
buffer
substance that reacts with an acid or base to weaken it
calyx
cup-shaped branch of the renal pelvis
carbonic acid
weak acid
cation
positively charged ion
collecting tubule
straight tubule joined by the distal tubules of several nephron
creatine
a white crystalline nigrogenous compound found in muscle tissue either free or as creatine-P ( phsosphocreatine)
edema
Excess accumulation of fluid within the tissue spaces (IF)
efferent arteriole
arterioles that exit the glomurulus
electrolyte
substance that dissociates into ions (K+, Na+, Cl-) when placed into water
extracellular fluid
liquid found outside of cells, located in 2 compartments: interstitial fluid and in blood (plasma)
glomerulus
in the kidneys; compact cluster of capillaries forming part of the nephron
interstitial fluid
IF; fluid that is between the cells
intracellular fluid
fluid in the cells
juxtaglomerular apparatus
a functional unit near a kidney glomerulus that controls renin release and is composed of juxtaglomerular cells and a macula densa
ketosis
large amounts of ketone bodies in the blood of a person with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
kidney
1 of the two organs that cleanses the blood of waste products; involved in filtration of the blood, reabsorption of important nutrients, and secretion of urine
nephron
the funtional unit of the kidney; it consists of a renal copuscle, proxima convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule
peritubular capillaries
these capillaries around the tubules in the kidneys. The function of these capillaries is in reabsorption during urine formation.
renal corpuscle
the part of a nephron that consists of Bowman’s capsule with its included glomerulus –
renin
produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney which leads to the formation of angiotensin, which causes the blood pressure to increase
urea
this is a nonprotein nitrogenous waste product produced as a result of protein metabolism
ureter
tubes which carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder
urethra
the tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
uric acid
results from the breakdown of nucleotides
urinary bladder
sac-like organ that holds urine
