Final Exam Flashcards
What is Albumin
Protein found in blood plasma. It functions to maintain the osmotic pressure in body fluids
What is the Aorta
Largest artery in the body. Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
What is the Aorta semilunar valve?
Valve between the left ventricle and the aor
rtic arch
Define atery
Vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the heart to rest of body. The pulmonary artery is the only artery that transports deoxygenated blood from heart (right ventricle) to lungs
Define atrium
Chambers in the heart into which comes deoxygenated blood on the right and oxygenated blood on the left
Define A-V Valve
Atrioventricular valve. Valves between the atria and the ventricles through which blood passes from the atria to the ventricle
What are Basophils?
Basophils are leukocytes(white blood cells) that are granular and phagocytic. They are the least abundant white blood cells (0.5 to 1% white blood count). They contain purple granules and produce histamine and heparin. Life span is hours to 3 days
Define Bicuspid Valve
Also called the mitral valve and it is the atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Define Bilirubin
A bile pigment produced as a result of hemoglobin breakdown
What is cardiac output
Measure of how hard the heart is working. CO is calculated as the product of stroke volume(SV) and Heart Rate (HR)
Define coronary Arteries
These are the arteries that feed the cardiac or heart tissues
What is diastole?
Relaxation of hear muscles after pumping. When blood pressure is measured, it is the bottom number and should normally be about 80 or less.
What is the endocardium?
Innermost layer of heart comprising of simple squamous epithelial tissue
What are Eosinophils?
Granular, phagocytic whilte blood cells that kill parasitic worms. Contains red-orange granules.
Contains histamine.
What are erythrocytes?
Another name for red blood cells
What is Erythropoiesis?
The process of making red blood cells by the bone marrow
What is erythropoietin?
A hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell formation
What is ferritin?
Ferritin is the stored form of iron found in the liver. It is a combination of protein and iron
What is Fibrin?
Insoluble, fibrous protein formed from fibrinogen during the final step of blood coagulation
What is Fibrinogen?
Soluble blood protein that is converted into insoluble fibrin during stage 3 of blood coagulation
Define Hermatocrit
A measure of the volume percentage of red blood cells within a sample of whole blood. Used to detect possibility of anemia
What is hematopoiesis?
The formation of blood or blood cells in the living body
What is Hemoglobin?
Pigmented protein found in erythrocytes and is used to transport oxygen or carbon dioxide
What is leukocyte?
Another name for white blood cell
What are megakaryocytes?
Precursor to platelets or thrombocytes
What are monocytes?
Monocytes are non granular, phagocytic white blood cells. Monocytes are precursors to macrophages.
What are neutrophils?
Most abundant white blood cells. Neutrophils are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes. They are phagocytic, positive chemotaxis and have light colored granules
Define Plasma
Plasma is defined as the liquid component or portion of blood. Plasma contains clotting proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and regulatory chemicals.
What is Purkinje Fibers?
Specialized cells located in the walls of the ventricles that conduct nerve impulses from the AV bundle to the ventricle walls of the heart
What are reticulocytes?
They are the immediate precursors to red blood cells.
What is serum?
The liquid portion of blood that does not contain fibrinogen (clotting factors)
Define Stroke Volume
The amount of blood discharged from the ventricles of the heart with each heartbeat.
Define Systole
Contraction of the muscles of the heart. Usually refers to the contraction of the ventricles.
What is Thrombin?
In the 2nd stage of blood clotting, prothrombin is converted to thrombin.
What are thrombocytes?
Another name for platelets. They are derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
What is the tricuspid valve?
The AV valve found between the right atrium and right ventricle.
What is the vena Cava?
The vena cava is the largest vein the the body. It brings deoxygenated blood from systemic tissue to the heart via the right atrium
Define Ventricle
Chambers of the heart that receives blood from a corresponding atria.
What is ACTH?
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone. A stress hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Causes levels of cortisone and aldosterone in the blood
Aldosterone
Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, it affects Na+ ion retention and water retention by the kidney; excess aldosterone increases blood volume which tends to increase cardiac output and blood pressure
Angiotensin
Hormone formed by conversion of angiotensinogen by renin ; causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.
Antibodies
Plasma proteins produced by B-lymphocytes that destroy or inactivates a specific substance (antigen) that has entered the body
Antibody Mediated Immunity (AMI)
Also called Adaptive Immunity is immunity resulting from the development of antibodies by B-cells. AMI is slower but specific. It involves macrophages, T-cells, B cells.
Antidiuretic Hormone
ADH is synthesized by the posterior pituitary gland. This hormone causes increase permeability of the collecting tubules of the kidney and thus causes retention of water. Urine volume is decreased, blood volume is increased. The increase in blood volume can cause an increase in blood pressure.
Artificial Active Immunity
Immunity achieved through immunization
Artificial Passive Immunity
immunity acquired through a shot of IGA
Autoimmune Disease
An autoimmune disease is a type immune diseases where the body makes antibodies against its own tissue. An example of an autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis and lupus
B Lymphocyte
These white blood cells five rise to cells that produce antibodies
Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI)
an immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines
Humoral Immunity
Same as antibody mediated immunity; resistance to the effects of specific disease causing pathogens due to the presence of circulating antibodies
Immunity
the quality or state of being immune ; especially : a condition of being able to resist a particular infectious disease pathogens or products produced by pathogens
Immunoglobulin
abbreviation Ig; any of a large number of proteins of high molecular weight that are produced normally by specialized B cells after stimulation by an antigen and act specifically against the antigen in an immune response, that are produced abnormally by some cancer cells, and that typically consist of four subunits including two heavy chains and two light chains – called also antibody
Interferon
this glycoprotein is produced by white blood cells and inhibits (interferes) with the replication of viruses.
Lacteals
Lymphatic vessels located in each villus of the intestines. Functions to absorb fat material from chyme passing through the small intestines
Lymph
a usually clear coagulable fluid that passes from intercellular spaces of body tissue into the lymphatic vessels, is discharged into the blood by way of the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, and resembles blood plasma in containing lymphocytes
Lymph Node
any of the rounded masses of lymphoid tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue, are distributed along the lymphatic vessels, and contain numerous lymphocytes which filter the flow of lymph passing through the node
Lymphocyte
non-phagocytic agranular white blood cell, plays a major role in specific immune responses
Natural Active Immunity
Immunity achieved as a result of having had the disease
Natural Passive Immunity
Immunity a baby gets from the mother
T Lymphocytes
immune lymphocytes which have passed through the thymus, play major role in cell mediated immunity
Thymus
a gland composed mainly of lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop. It produces the hormone thymosin.
Titer
Titer is
Vaccination
The process of application of killed or attenuated pathogens to a patient to stimulate immunity against that pathogen
Alveolar Ducts
Small microscopic respiratory tube which leads to the alveolus
Alveolus
Alveoli (us-sing.) are microscopic respiratory sacs where gas exchange takes place in the lungs. The wall of the alveolus is formed by simple squamous epithelial cells
Ascending Colon
The ascending colon is the part of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the start of the transverse colon. It is on the right side
Bicarbonate Ion
HCO3-; also called BB
Bicuspid tooth
a premolar tooth that in humans is one of two in each side of each jaw – called also bicuspid
Bile
a yellow or greenish viscid alkaline fluid secreted by the liver and passed into the duodenum where it aids in the emulsification of fat
Bilirubin
a bile pigement produced as a result of hemoglobin breakdown
Biliverdin
a green pigment C33H34N4O6 that occurs in bile and is an intermediate in the degradation of hemoglobin heme groups to bilirubin
Bronchial Tree
The bronchi together with their branches
Bronchiole
a microscopic thin-walled branch of a bronchus
Bronchus
either of the two primary divisions off the trachea that lead respectively into the right and the left lung
Cecum
the blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine into which the ileum opens from one side and which is continuous with the colon
Chloride Shift
Diffusion of Chloride ions into red blood cells as bicarbonate diffuse out; maintains electrical neutrality of red blood cells
Cholecystokinin
A hormone secreted especially by the duodenal mucosa that regulates the emptying of the gallbladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice high in digestive enzymes
Chylomicron
Small fat droplets
Chyme
semi-fluid mass of food materials that passes from the stomach to the small intestines
Common Bile Duct
Duct from the liver that empties into the duodenum. Made up of the merging of the hepatic and the cystic ducts
Cystic Duct
the duct from the gallbladder that unites with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
Deciduous Teethe
baby teeth; central incisor, lateral incisor, canines and 2 molars. There are a total of 20 baby teeth.
Dentin
a calcareous material similar to bone but harder and denser that composes the principal mass of a tooth. In the crown the dentin is under the enamel.
Descending Colon
that part of the colon which is between the transverse colon and the sigmoid colon
Diaphragm
A body partition of muscle and connective tissue; specifically: the partition separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is used in respiration.
Digestion
The process of making food absorbable by dissolving it and breaking it down into simpler chemical compounds that occurs in the living body chiefly through the action of enzymes secreted into the GI tract.
Duodenum
the first portion of the small intestine
Enamel
the hard substance that covers the exposed surface of a tooth
Epiglottis
This is a cartilage found in the larynx and its flap-like structure prevents food and liquid from entering the larynx and trachea
Esophagus
muscular, mucus-lined tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach
Gallbladder
this sac like organ stores and concentrates bile
Gastric juice
stomach secretion containing acid and enzymes; aids i the digestion of food
Gastrin
hormone produced by the stomach and regulates gastric secretions
Hyperventillation
very rapid deep respirations
Ilocecal Valve
the valve formed by two folds of mucous membrane at the opening of the ileum into the large intestine
Ileum
he last division of the small intestine that constitutes the part between the jejunum and large intestine and in humans forms the last three fifths of the part of the small intestine beyond the end of the duodenum and that is smaller and thinner-walled than the jejunum with fewer circular folds but more numerous Peyer’s patches
Incisor
a front tooth adapted for cutting ; especially : any of the eight cutting human teeth that are located between the canines with four in the lower and four in the upper jaw
Ingestion
the taking of material (as food or water) into the digestive system
Inspiration
the drawing of air into the lungs
Intrinsic Factor
this is made by the stomach and promotes the absorption of Vitamin B-12
Jejunum
his is the middle portion of the small intestine and is where most absorption of nutrients takes place.
Laryngopharynx
Lowest part of the pharynx
Larynx
‘voice box’; this structure contains vocal cords used to speak with
Mastication
chewing; this mechanical process reduces the size of food particles.
Mesentery
large fold of peritoneal tissue that anchors the loops of the digestive tract to the posterior wall of the abdomianl cavity
Mucosa
This layer of the GI tract is the inner most layer and contains epithelial cells
Nasopharynx
the upper most part of the pharynx
Oral Cavity
Mouth
Oropharynx
portion of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth
Pancreas
this organ (gland)is found in the abdominal cavity and secretes both hormones and digestive enzymes. Considered an endocrine and exocrine gland. Acinar cells make pancreatic juice that secretes digestive enzymes trypsin
Beta cells make insulin
Alpha cells make glucagon
Parotid Glands
salivary glands that is situated on each side of the face below and in front of the ear, in humans is the largest of the salivary glands
Pepsin
This enzyme digests proteins and is secreted by the stomach cheif cells as pepsinogen which is then converted to pepsin by the action of HCl acid which is secreted by the pariatal cells of the stomach
Peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the muscular walls of the GI tract
Pyloric valve
The circular fold of mucous membrane containing a ring of circularly disposed muscle fibers that closes the distal end of the stomach (pylorus) – called also pyloric valve
Stomach
This disgestive organ is located between the esophagus and the small intestine
Surfactant
this substance is produced by the type II cells found in the lungs and which prevents collapse of the lungs by reducing the surface tension within the alveoli
Tidal volume
the amount of air breathed in and out ( normal quiet breathing
Trachea
A thin-walled, cartilaginous tube descending from the larynx to the bronchi and carrying air to the lungs. Also called windpipe.
Vital capacity
largest amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one inspiration and one expiration
