Exam 5 Flashcards
What are the names and functions of the three glands that produce semen?
The glands are:
- Seminal vesicles- 2 sac like structures near ampulla of vas deferens. Makes alkaline fluid rich in fructose. Contains PGAs and the levels depend on the levels of testosterone
- Cowpers or bulbourethral gland- 2 glands that secrete alkaline fluid and mucus
- Prostate gland- urethra passes through this gland. It secretes thin alkaline fluid that increases the motility of the sperm
Name the male gonads
Testes
Where are the testes located?
Located in sacs called scrotum
What are the functions of the testes?
Spermatogenesis and hormone secretion
What hormones are secreted by the testes?
Testosterone is produced by interstitial or Leydig cells in the testes
Inhibin is produced by sustentacular or nurse or Sertoli cells in the testes.
What is the site of spermatogenesis in the testes?
The Seminiferous tubules.
What is the function of hormone Inhibin in males?
Inhibits FSH. Makes androgen binding protein (ABT) that binds to testosterone making it more water soluble
What is the function of testosterone?
Masculinizing hormone
What is the function of the FSH hormone?
Produced by the anterior pituitary gland, FSH stimulates the seminiferous tubules to produce sperms more rapidly.
What is the function of LH?
Also produced by the anterior pituitary glands, LH stimulates the nurse cells to produce more testosterone
Define Spermatogenesis?
The process of spermatozoa or sperm formation, the males gametes.
How many chromosomes are found in sperm?
23
Name the factors that cause infertility in males
- low sperm count
- Deformed sperms; sperms with 2 or more heads or tails
- The making of antibodies that attack sperm
- size of sperm
Where are the scrotum located and what is their function?
Located externally the scrotum is a sac like pouch that houses the testes below normal body temperature
Where are the testes located and what is their function?
Located within the scrotum. Testes are the male gonads. Functions to produce sperms and hormones.
Where are the epididymis located and what is its function?
Located on top of testes, each epididymis is a single tightly coiled tube measuring about 6 meters long. Functions as a passage way for sperm and also storage of mature sperm.
What is the function and location of the penis?
Penis is located externally and it is made up of erectile muscle tissues; the corpus spongiosum, the corpora cavernosa, and the glans penis. The penis contains the urethra, the terminal duct both for urination and reproduction.
Where is the Vas Deferens located and what is its functions?
Extends from the tail of the epididymis. It is a duct that has thick muscular walls. Its ampulla region joins with tube from seminal vesicle forming the ejaculatory duct.
Functions as both passageway for sperm as well as storage for sperm.
Male vasectomy procedure involves cutting th Vas deferns in the scrotum region.
What are the ejaculatory ducts?
2 ducts that pass through the prostate gland to terminate in the urethra
What are the functions of the urethra?
Passage way for urine and sperm but not at the same time
What is the function of the dartos and the cremaster muscles?
They elevate the scrotum.
What is the path of the urethra?
bladder through prostate gland. Within the prostate gland it is joined by 2 ejaculatory ducts. From the prostrate gland it enters the base of the penis.
What is the function of the corpus cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum?
They are erectile tissues. During sexual arousal, the erectile tissues of the penis fills with blood causing the organ to become rigid and enlarged in both length and diameter. This process is called erection.
Describe the structure and location of the ovaries
Almond shaped and located one on each side of the uterus. Attached by 3 ligaments; ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, and broad ligament
What are the functions of the ovaries?
Female gonads. Produce females gametes or ova.
Ovaries also produce the female hormone estrogen and progesterone.
What is the ovarian cycle?
In a mature female, the ovarian cycle occure once a month and in the average female it is 28 days long. Ovulation occurs on day 14 and menstration on day 1
The main function of the ovarian cycle is to produce the ovum.
What are the stages of ovarian cycle?
primary follicle-secondary follicle-double layer of follicles-Graafian follicle-corpus hemorragium-corpus luteum-corpus albicans
When is the levels of estrogen highest? Progesterone?
Estrogen highest at ovulation
Progesterone highest at day 21
When are the levels of LH and FSH highest?
During ovulation
When does ovulation occur in the average female?
Day 14
When does mensturation occur in the average female?
Day 1
What is menarche? When does it occur?
First period. Occurs at about age 13
What is menopause? When does it occur?
when female stop ovulating. Occurs on average at age 52
Name the layers of the uterus and their functions
3 layers:
Endometrium- inner most layer sloughs off during mensturation.
Myometrium- muscle that helps with labor, contracts
Serous (parietal peritonum) only body
What are the names and functions of the female external genitals?
Labium major and labium minor provide protective function
Clitoris- Erogenous area for females
How many chromosomes does the ovum have?
23
What is meiosis?
Cell division by male and female gametes resulting in haploid number of chromosomes. Two cell divisions involved in meiosis- Meiosis 1 2n to n. Meiosis II n to n
Name the hormones and their functions produced by the ovaries
Estrogen- Female hormone important in the development of female characteristics
Progesterone helps maintain proper condition for gestation
Inhibin inhibits GnRH and FSH
Name the hormones produced by the placenta and give their functions
HCG stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy
Relaxin inhibits uterine contractions during pregnancy and softens pelvic joints to facilitate childbirth
What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland and what are their functions?
FSH- promotes development of ovarian follicle. Stimulates estrogen secretion
LH triggers ovulation. Promotes development of corpus luteum
Prolactin Promotes milk secretion
What hormones ae produced by the posterior pituitary gland and what is their function?
Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, stimulates milk ejection in ducts of mammary glands
What hormone controls the development of the placenta?
HCG
What are the stages of Meiosis?
Meiosis I Prophase I crossover occurs Metaphase I Anaphase I- chromosomes segregate Telophase Independent assortment occurs in Meiosis Meiosis II same as mitosis
What hormones play a role in lactation?
Prolactin and oxytocin
Define Morula
Solid mass of cells that forms about 3 days after fertilization
What is the blastocyst?
Hollow ball of cells. Blastocyst implants in the uterus about 1 week after fertilization
What is the embryo?
First 8 weeks of gestation
What is the fetus?
8 to 39 weeks
What are the stages of labor?
Stage 1- dilation of cervix complete
Stage 2- Maximl dilation to biryh
Stage 3- placenta expulsion
What are the differences between fraternal and identical twins?
Identical twins- one ovum fertilized by one sperm then egg divides. One placenta and 2 amniotic cavities
Fraternal twins- 2 eggs fertilized by 2 sperms. 2 placenta, 2 amniotic cavities
When does the heart and other organs develop in the fetus?
Heart beat- 5 weeks
Development of all organs- 4 months
Name the embryonic germ layers and what they develop into?
Ectoderm- Outside layer- forms nervous system and epidermis
Mesoderm- Middle layer- forms muscle and bone tissue
Endoderm- inside layer- forms epithelial lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts
Name some examples of bacteria STDs
Gonorrhea- treated with penicillin
Syphillis- caused by Treponema pallidum
Chancroid caused by Haemopilus ducryi
Chlamydia caused by bacterium Chlaydia trachomatis- most common bacterial STD in the USA. Treated by Doxycyline and erythromycine
Name some of the viral STDs
AIDS caused by HIV
Drugs AZT, Protease inhibitors, intergrase inhibitors
Genital warts caused by HPV human papilloma virus
Prevention- vaccine Gardisil cervical cancer
Genital herpes caused by Herpes simplex type II
3 drugs approved to trat herpes:
Valtrex, Famvir, and Zovirax
