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repro1 Flashcards

1
Q

adenomyosis vs endometrial hyperplassia

vs leiomyoma

A

adenomyosis: heavy menstrual bleeding, painful dysmenorrhea; uniformly enlarged uterus

endometrial hyperplasia: irregular painless menstrual bleeding

leiomyoma: uterus irregulary enlarged, heavy menstrual bleeding

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2
Q

abnoraml uterine bleeding; benign projections from uterine lining resulting from hyperplastic growth of endometrial glands and stroma:no uterine enlargement

A

endometrial polyp

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3
Q

increase in endometrial gland proliferation compared to stroma; presents w ireregular but not painful menstural bleedign

A

endometrial hyperplasia

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4
Q

proliferarion of myometrial smooth muscle cells; heavy mesntural bleeding; uterus irregulary enlarged

A

leiomyoma

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5
Q

no upper vagina (short vagina), variable uterine development

A

mullerian aplasia
mayer-rokitansky kuster hauser
amenorrhea: cause uterius hypoplastic or absent

normal ovaries: so secrete estrogen noramlly and enable development of secondary sexual characteristics

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6
Q

incomplete fusion of urogenital folds

A

hypospaidas

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7
Q

malunion of labioscrotal folds

A

bifid scrotum (two separate sacs)

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8
Q

Cryptoorchi testis seen in

A

androgen insenstivy sydnrome

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9
Q

most common cause of alarming bloody nipple discharge

A

intraductal papilloma: proliferation of papillary cells w fibrovascular core
no breast masses or skin changes

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10
Q

atypical cells infiltrating nipple skin

A

paget

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11
Q

liquefactive necrosis of adipocytes w hemorraghe

A

fat necrosis

irregular breat mass

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12
Q

stromal proliferation compressing ducts to slits

A

fibroadenomas

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13
Q

lining of endometrium? what type of cells

A

simple columanr cells

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14
Q

two sperm fertizlie emptum ovum

A

46, xy

complete mole

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15
Q

how to tell difference bw aromatase defiency and 21 hydroxylase deficiency in infant

A

matenral virilizaiton in pregnancy due to excess androgens into maternal circulaetion

maternal virilization does not occur in n21 hydroxylase deficiency bc intact placental aromatase activity

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16
Q

TRH affect on prolactin

A

increases it; lactotroph cells express TRH receptors

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17
Q

twisting of IP ligament due to large adnexal mass;

A

ovarian torsion: reslts in occlusion of blood and nerve supply to ovary

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18
Q

ovarian torsion what type of pain

A

sudden onset unilateral pelvic pain

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19
Q

portion of broad ligament that connects fallopian tubes to pelvic sidewall

A

mesosalpinx

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20
Q

loss of uterosacral ligmantse

A

uterine prolapse into vagina

these connect posterior aspect of uterus to anterior portion of sacrum

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21
Q

glans of penis and clitoris drain into

A

deep inguinal nodes

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22
Q

drains superifical and deep inguinal nodes and deep lymphatics of abdominal wall

A

external iliac nodes

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23
Q

llymph from scrotum drain into

A

superifical inguinal lymph nodes (drain nearly every cutaenosu strucuter inferior to umbilicus, including external genitalia and anus up to pectinate line)

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24
Q

pudendal nerve block

A

medial to ischial spine, through sacrospinous ligament; to provide anesthesia to perineum

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25
Q

landmarks for Pudendal block

A

ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament

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26
Q

bony portrusion located posterolateral to to vaginal sideall

A

ischial spine

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27
Q

firm band runing medially and posterioly from ischial spine to sacrum

A

sacrospinous ligament

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28
Q

child prefers to hold head tilted to one side

A

congenital torticoliis: caused by result of malposiiotn of head in utero or birth trauma

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29
Q

anaplasia of epithelial cells w invasion into stroma; multiple papillary fomrations w celllular atypia: CA 125

A

epithelial ovarian cancer

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30
Q

coffee bean nuclei

A

granulosa cell tumors

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31
Q

dense irregularly staining cytoplasm and perinuclear halo like clearing

A

koilocyte

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32
Q

median age of ovarian carcinoma

A

60

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33
Q

boggy uterus; loss of uterin tone

A

uterina atony

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34
Q

pelvic organs supplied by

A

internal iliac arteries (hypogastric)

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35
Q

uterine arters are the major blodd supply to uterus; they are branches of

A

internal iliac arteries;

biltarela ligatrion decrease uterine blood flow and control postpartum hemorrageh

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36
Q

uterus receives collateral blood supply with

A

ovarian artery

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37
Q

blood to perineum is supplied by

A

internal pudendal artery

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38
Q

ligation of external iliac artery

A

blood supply to lower excretirmy cut off

39
Q

aorta splits into r and l common iliac which splite into interanl and external iliac arteries.

A

true

40
Q

failure of obliteration of processus vaginalis

A

indirect inguinal hernia

and

communicating hydroceles

41
Q

acauired protrusion of abdominal contents through weakness of abdominal wall

A

direct inguinal hernia

42
Q

intraductal papilloma is unilater or bilateral discharge

A

unilateral compared to prolactinoma which is a bilateral

43
Q

prostate is _____ to anal canal

A

anterior.

it is bw anal canal and pubic sympysis

44
Q

why is bhc detectable after 8 days after fertilization

A

becuase it is produced by syncytiotorphoblast after implantation; generally occurs 6-7 days after fertilization.

45
Q

excess collagen formatin wihin tunica albuginea

A

peyronie disease

46
Q

vertebral venous plexus: site of

A

cancers of pelvis including prostate spread to lumbosacral spine via this

47
Q

prostatic venous plexus communicates with the

A

vertebral venous plexus

48
Q

lymphatic metasist to skeletal system is very rare

A

true

49
Q

hpl also induces insulin secretion

A

true

50
Q

vas deferenes is a transport duct from ___ to ejeaculatory duct

A

epididymis

51
Q

normal proliferative endometirum histo

A

proliferation of stratum functionale

non branching , nonbudding, uniform glands evenly distributed thorughout a uniform stroma

52
Q

midproliferative phase of mesntaraul cycel

A

tubular, narrow glands, and straight ; lined with pseudostratifeid elongaetd mitottically active epithelial cells

53
Q

secretory phae of menstrual cycel

A

increased gland size, coiled, and large cytoplasimc vacuoles; edematous stroma; prominent spiral arteries.

54
Q

most common breast tumor ages 15-35

A

fibroadenoma

55
Q

histology of fibroadenomas

A

myxoid stroma that encircles epithelium lined glandular and cystic spaces

56
Q

ovarian vein thrombosis: postpartum

A

left ovarian veins drain into left renal vein

right ovarina vein drains into IVC

57
Q

germline vs somatic mosaicism

A

somatic mosaicism: affects the cells forming the body, while germline affects thecells giving rise to gametes

58
Q

atypical cells in subepitheal stormastroma

A

carcinoma

59
Q

perinucleor vacuolization

A

kolilicytic chagne

60
Q

invasive mole

A

villi invading myometrium; maligannt; diffusely hyperplastic trophoblasts; diffusely enlarged hydropic villi; absent fetal tissue

61
Q

endometrial
cervical
ovarian cancer ages

A 
endometrial 60s
cervical 40-50
ovarian
Germ cell younger
malignatepithetlai; 60
62
Q

irregular uterine enlargement

A

leiomyoma (fibroids): put pressure on adjacent organs: causing bulk related symptoms

63
Q

feeling a bulge or that something is failling out of the vagina

A

posteiror vaginal wall prolapse (rectocele)

64
Q

ventral wall defects (omphalocele and gastroschisis do waht to AFP

A

increase AFP

65
Q

increases fetal growth restriction and placental insufficiency

A

tobacco use

66
Q

pulmonary artery branch w swirls of fetal squamous cells

A

amniotic fluid embolism

67
Q

incomplete lateral fusion of paramesonephric ducts

A

bicornuate uterus (characterized by indentation in center of fundus)

68
Q

complete lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts

A

uterine didelphys

69
Q

overlying skin retractions (dimpling in invasive breast cancer involves what

A

suspensory ligaments (Cooper ligament) of breast

70
Q

presence of pelvic fracture and inability to void despite sensation of full bladder suggest what injury

A

urethral injury

also presence of blood at urethral meatus and high riding boggy prostate (caused by hematoma)

71
Q

pelvic fractures injure which urethra

A

posterior

anterior is injured in straddle injruies

72
Q

posterior urethra divided into

A

prostatic and membranous

73
Q

which is the weakest point inposterir urethra

A

membranes segment.

74
Q

pregnancy after steriliziation is rare; however if you have it; what type

A

ectopic pregnancy:

tubal ligation is a risk factor

75
Q

decidualized endometrium; with dilated, coiled, endometrial glands and vascularized edematous stroma

NO VILLI

A

ectopic pregnancy

76
Q

enlarged chorionic villi and avascular edematous stroma

A

MOLAR PREGNANCY

77
Q

testicles descend into scrotum by passing from abdomen through deep inguinal ring to enter inguiinal canal

A

true

78
Q

deep inguinal ring is phhysiologic opening in

A

transversalis fascia

79
Q

superficial inguinal ring physioligc opening of

A

external oblique muscle aponeurosis

testis then passes anteormedially to exit canal via superifical inguinal ring; enetering scortum; goes through opening of external oblique muscle aponeruosis

80
Q

palpble medial to right mid inguinal point

A

then testsi is alredy in inguinal canal; thus already in deep inuginal rign

81
Q

ureteral injruy symptoms

A

flank pain, fever

82
Q

injured during hysterecotmy due to close proximity to uterine structures

A

ureter
distal ureter may be severed during ligation of the uterine vessels bc ureter passes inferior and lateral to uterin artery at level of internal cervical os prior to entering bladder
since second ureter is uninjured; pt’s able to void (urinate ) normally

83
Q

gonadal arteries arise from the

A

abdominal aorta

84
Q

high riding testis, absent cremastirc reflex

A

testisicular torsioN: due to twisting of tesits aroudn spermatic cord (containing gonadla artery)

85
Q

blood supply to anal canal scrotum penis

A

internal pudendal: which is branch of internal iliac

86
Q

branch of internal iliac artery that provides blood supply to pelvis, bladder, parts of femoral head and medial thigh muscles

A

obturator artery

87
Q

midline episotsomy: vertical incisoin from posterior vaginal opening to

A

perineal body (essentail for integrity of pelvic floor). it transects vaginal submucosal tissue

88
Q

failure of uterus t ocontract adequaqeutaly after delivery

A

uterine atony

89
Q

removal of placenta in pieces

A

placenta accreta

90
Q

prior surgery ( c section scar tissue) results in malformed or absent decidual layer bw placenta and myometrium

A

allowing for direct myometrial attachment

91
Q

premature detachment of placenta from uterin wall prior to delivery of fetus

A

placenta abruption: prolonged uterine contractions

92
Q

bulk symptoms uncommon in adenomyosis

A

true

93
Q

bulk symptoms in leiomyoma bc

A

bc fibroids in posterious uterus put pressure on colon and lead to constipation

94
Q

splinting

A

pushing vaginal canal w fingers to get stool out; seen in fibroids
not seen in rectal prolapse

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