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uworld > cardio1 > Flashcards

cardio1 Flashcards

1
Q

flat facies, protruding tongue, small ears

A

down syndrome

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2
Q

inferioer epigastric is 1 of 2 branches of

A

external iliac artery

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3
Q

atria and ventricles depolarize independently of each other

narrow QRS complexes (since ventricular depolariziin is normal)

A

AV nodal pacemaker

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4
Q

what lies posterior to thoracic aorta and LA

A

descending thoracic aorta

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5
Q

common cause of secondary MR

A

decompensated HF: causes dilation of mitral valve annulus; restiricted movement of chordae tendiance causing insufficiencet closure of intrinsically normal mitral valve; resuliting in MR

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6
Q

derived from common cardinal veins (give rise to constituents of systemic venous circulation)

A

SVC

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7
Q

all veins in developing embryo drain into

A

sinus venosus

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8
Q

aging heart

A

decrease in LV chamber size

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9
Q

AR due to aortic root dilation heard best at

A

right upper sternal border

murmur of AR due to valuvlar path: best heard at left third ICS

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10
Q

septic emboli from vavlulaer eegetaions to palsm and soles

A

janeway elesions

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11
Q

crowded glomeruli, tubulointerstiial atrophy and fibrosis and focal inflammatory infiltrates

A

renal artery stenosis

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12
Q

unlikely to survive with severe coarctation

A

true

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13
Q

incomplete fusion of atrial septum primum and secudnum

A

pfo

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14
Q

aplasia of septum primum or septum secudnum

A

ASD

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15
Q

failure of aorticopulmonary septum to develop

A

truncus arteriosus

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16
Q

AV nodal artery most often arises from dominant coronary arery

A

left dominant then it would be LCX

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17
Q

traumatic aortic rupture: sudden decelration in MVC ; most common site is

A

aortic isthmus

tethered by ligamentum arteriosum; relatively fixed and immobe

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18
Q

widespreaad venous and arteriolar dilatiaton along w increased capillary permeability

A

decrease venous return

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19
Q

pda murmur maximal intestinay at

A

S2

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20
Q

ductus arterious derives from which aortic arch

A

6th

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21
Q

decreaesd metabolism and fucntion to match reduction in coronary blood flow

A

myocardial hiberatnion
leads to decreased contraiclty;
reversible w resvascularizaiotn

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22
Q

dicrotic pulse seen in

one during systole and the other during diastole

A

severe systolic dysfunction and high systemic arterial pressure

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23
Q

slow rising low amplitude pulse

A

pulsus parvus et tardus

(diminished SV) : pulsus parvus
prolonged LV ejection time (puslus tardus)

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24
Q

MR: venous pulse curve

A

promiment V wave

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25
Q

relieved by nitro

A

unstable angina
stable angina
prinzmetal angina

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26
Q

linear developemnt of aorticopulmonary septum

A

transposiiont of great arteries

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27
Q

failed fusion of superior and inferior endocardial cushions results in defects in

A

atriovental septum and valves (mitttral and tricuspid valves)

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28
Q

homogenous acellular thickening of arteriolar walls

A

hyaline arteriosclerosis

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29
Q

smalll pulse amplitdue w delayed peak and slower upstroke of arterial pulse

A

pulsus parvus
pulsus tardus

deu to diminshed stroke volume and prolonged ejection time

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30
Q

MVP vs Rheumatic heart disease

A

MVP is seen in developed nations: predisposing conditiosn for native valve infective endocaridts

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31
Q

seen in developing nations (mvp or rhueamitc heart diseaes)

A

rheumatic heart disease

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32
Q

brachiocephalic vein drains the

A

ipsilateral jugular and subclavian veins

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33
Q

bilateral brachiocephalic veins combine to form

A

SVC

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34
Q

brachiocephalic (innominate vein) vs SVC obstruction

A

same symtpoms; but brachiocepahil is unilateral (one side of face)
SVC : bilateral

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35
Q

subclavian is continuation of axillary vein. both drain blood from

A

upper extremity

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36
Q

right external jugular vein drains into

A

rt subclavin vein

so obsturciton of right brachiocephailc vein will also cause congestion of structures drained by external jugular vein

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37
Q

NOTCH1 gene mutation

A

familial bicuspid aortic valve disease: associated w mutation affecting NOTCH1 gene

38
Q

forced pulsations in intracranial arteires w each herat beat

A

head bobbing

39
Q

abrupt distension and collapse of carotid arteries (corrigan sign ) and peripheral arteries

A

water hammer pulse (peripheral)

40
Q

deviation of infundibular septum

A

TOF

41
Q

ACE is located

A

in small lung (pulm vessels )

thus angio2 is higher in pulm vein compaired to pulm artery

42
Q

angiotensioning eproduced in

A

liver

43
Q

varicose veins are superifical or deep venous system

A

superiical; thus does not increase risk for pulm embolism or phelegmasia alba dolens

44
Q

massive iliofemoral thrombosis cause actue rise in tissue pressure that impairs arterial inflow, leading to

A

phlegmasia alba dolens (painful white milk leg)

45
Q

complicataiosns of varicose veins

A 
chronici edema,
stasis dermatitis
skin ulceratison
poor wound healing
infection
46
Q

what causes varicose veins

A

increased intraluminal pressure or loss of vessel wall tesnile strength lead to venous dilation and failure of venous valves.

47
Q

epicardial vessels

A

large confaorny arteris of heart

dilation of arterioles regulates CBF; not arteries

48
Q

why does nulliparity increases risk of ovarian cancer

A

repeated ovulation or even ovarin inferitlity inflict minor trauma to ovarian surfaceb

thus OCP is a protecetive factor: lesss repair at ovarian surface due to reduced lifeteime ovulation frequency

49
Q

protective factors for ovarian cancer

A

breast feeding, ocp’s tubal. ligation; multiparity

50
Q

ovarian tumor that appears yellow due to lipid content in theca cells

A

granulosa cell tumor

51
Q

cuboidal cells in microfollicular patttern around pink eosinophlic center; which ovarian tumor

A

granulosa cell tumor

52
Q

granulosa cell tumor seen in

A

post menopausal women

53
Q

bilobed nuclei and inclusion like nucleoli

A

reed sternberg

54
Q

nests of epithelial cells with abundant clear cytoplasm

A

RCC

55
Q

external urethral sphincter vs internal urethral sphincter

A

external: skeletal muscle at distal end of urethra innervated yb pudendal nerve; volunteary constriciton of this matinisn continence
internal: smooth muscle at proximal junction of bladder and uretrha. SNS controls sphincter to constrict

56
Q

increased fetal urintation caused by

A

high cardiac output due to anemia or twin twin tanrsufiosn

polyhydramnios

57
Q

antiepileptic therpay substantial risk factor for

A

NTD

58
Q

PCOS: excess androgen from (increased activyt of 17 a hydroxylase and 3bhsd): prevents

A

prevents developmetn of monthly dominant follicle; resulting in anovulatory cycles
menstraul irregulariy: decereased progesterone secretion
progestorone: inhibitor to estrogen driven proliferation
long term risk for endometiral hyperplasia and carcinoma

59
Q

anterolateral papillary umscle has dual blood supply

A

LAD
LCX

posteromedial papillary doesnto: comes from DPA

60
Q

location right atrium near septal leaflet of tricuspid valve and orifice of coronary sinus

A

AV node

61
Q

compression of IVC by gravid uterus in pregmant women

A

true
reduces venous return
seen in supine hypotension

62
Q

supine hypotension vs orthostatic hypotension

A

orthostatic: upon standing
can be affected by vasovaga l syncope: withdrawla of symp efferent actiivty;
expansion of plasma volume inpregnancy as well as increase in rbc masss

63
Q

neprilysin inhibitor increases effect of

A

endogenous natriuretic peptide

64
Q

SLE and advanced malgianncy

A

nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

sysetmic embolization can occur

65
Q

why is orthopnea caused

A

actue exacerbation of baseline pulmonary edema that occurs when central venous, pulmonary venous and cardiac filling pressures are increased by redistrubtion of blood that had been pooled in dependent veins back into central circulation

66
Q

constant substernal crushing pain

A

MI pain

67
Q

pleuriitc sharp

A

periciaridits chest pain

exacerbated by swallowing or ocuhgin

68
Q

murmurs in infective endocarditis

A

mitral and aortic regurgi

69
Q

function of prostacyclin

A

inhibit platelet aggregation; oppsoes thromboxane A2

70
Q

converts kininogen into bradykinin

A

kallikrein

role in triggering fibrinolytic pathwya

71
Q

amorphous and accelular pink material

A

amyloidosis

72
Q

myofibirllay necrosis and inflammatory mononuclear infiltrate

A

acute myocarditis

73
Q

anteiror surface of heart formed by

A

RA superiorly

RV inferiorly

74
Q

repetitive activitigy involving upper costal cartialge at costochrondal or costosternal junctoisn
pain reproduced w palpation and worsened w movement in hcanges of posistion

A

costochrondritis or costosternal sydnroem

75
Q

ventricular repsone in AF is depednetn on transmission of abnormal atrial impulses through

A

AV node
each time av node is excited; it enters refractory period druing which additional atrial impusles cannot be transmitted to ventricles

76
Q

bundle branch block causes

A

widening of QRS

77
Q

cardiacy hypertorphy w patchy interstiial fibrosis

A

HOCM

78
Q

endocardial thickening and noncompliant ventricular wall

A

restrictive cardiomhyopathy

79
Q

what affects phase 4 of AP; reudicng rate of sponatenous depolarizino in cardiac pacemeaker

A

adenosine and acetylcholline
activate potassium channels and increase potassium conducatance causing membrane potential to remain negative for longerp eriod; adenosnien also hinibits L type ca channels prolonging depolariziation time

80
Q

what affects phase 4 of AP; reudicng rate of sponatenous depolarizino in cardiac pacemeaker

A

adenosine and acetylcholline
activate potassium channels and increase potassium conducatance causing membrane potential to remain negative for longerp eriod; adenosnien also hinibits L type ca channels prolonging depolariziation time

81
Q

thigh claudication + gluteal claudication & and imptoence

A

Leriche syndrome

82
Q

most common site of thrombus formation

A

left atrial appendage

83
Q

where do standford a aortic didsseciton orginiation

A

sinotubular junction

84
Q

function of titin

A

elastic protein that anchors the beta myosin heavy chains to z discs and contribute to passive myocardial tesnion

85
Q

infireor surface of heart formedy by

A

left ventricle and right ventricle supplied by PDA (RCA)

86
Q

distal lda spares

A

V1 and V2

87
Q

in thrombus at bifurcation of main pulm artery

there is no history of exretion related dyspena and chest discomfort

A

tru

88
Q

one main common finding in PAH

A

progressive dyspnea

89
Q

where do stanford b aortic dissection originate

A

left subclavian artery

90
Q

where do standford a aortic didsseciton orginiation

A

sinotubular junction

91
Q

IVC is formed by union of

A

right and left common iliac veins

92
Q

drains lymph from entire left side of body and regions inferior to umbilicus

A

thoracic duct

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