repro and neonatal Flashcards
female repro anatomy
ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina
ovaries
Side of production of unfertilized, eggs, and many hormones
oviducts
eggs passed from the ovaries into the oviducts site of fertilization for the sperm
uterus
composed of left and right horn and uterine body where developing embryo is mature
male reproductive anatomy
testicles, vas deferens, prostate gland, and penis
testicles
sperm production and storage
prostate gland in vas deferens
The sperm is transported to the prostate gland by the vas deferens within the prostate additional fluids are added for transport
vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
signalment for vaginitis
juvenile or puppy and adults
etiologies of vaginitis
poorly understood
clinical signs of vaginitis
minimal or no signs discharge of vulvar lips Commonly described
adult onset vaginitis is more common…
spayed dogs rather than intact dogs
common complaints associated with vaginitis
vulvar licking, pollakiuria, urinary incontinence
Dx of vaginitis
cytologic examination of vaginal epithelial cells and vaginal discharge, vaginal and urine bacterial cultures, UA, vaginoscopy
Tx vaginitis
depends on bacterial CandS (antibiotics if appropriate)
pseudopregnancy
false pregnancy
etiology of pseudopregnancy
decreasing levels of progesterone and increased levels of prolactin following estrus cycle
clinical signs of false pregnancy
weight gain, enlarged mammary glands, lactation, vaginal discharge, behavior changes, mother activity, restlessness, false labor
Tx false pregnancy
do not require treatment and will resolve in 14-21 days
pyometra
pus in uterus
etiology of pyometra
secondary infection as a result of hormonal changes in reproductive tract the second cystic lining secretes fluids that create an ideal environment for bacteria to grow in
bacteria causing pyometra
streptococcus, klebsiella, Pastorella, Proteus, Moraxella, staphylococcus
what happens if cervix is open or relaxed
bacteria normally found in vagina can enter uterus
signalment for pyometra
intact females, middle, aged to older
clinical signs of pyometra
if cervix is open, possible drain from uterus through vagina to the outside, if cervix is closed, pus will not be able to drain and abdominal distend
more clinical signs of pyometra
fever, abdominal, enlargement, vomiting, lethargy, PU/PD, dehydration, azotemia, vaginal discharge
Dx pyometra
history clinical signs, CBC, radiographs ultrasound
Tx for pyometra
Ovariohysterectomy
dystocia
difficult labor
etiology of dystocia
maternal factors: uterine inertia (lack of coordinated contractions or exhaustion of uterine musculature), narrowed birth canal
fetal factors: large fetuses, abnormal position
signalment for dystocia
any, brachycephalic dogs and siamese cats are predisposed
average gestation for dog and cat
roughly 63 days
stage 1 of labor
female often stops eating, becomes restless, may vomit, rectal temp drops, may find a corner and start making a bed
stage 2 of labor
female starts to contract uterus forcibly, start gradually and increase intensity frequency and duration
stage 3 of labor
expulsion of placenta
signs of distress in pregnant animal
goes beyond proposed due date, no evidence of stage 1, no fetus delivered after an hour of labor, vaginal discharge turns green or bloody, animal in pain, babies are stillborn, alive but seem weak or not normal
treatment for dystocia
animal should be examined for systemic illness, sterile digital vaginal exam to evaluate patency, rads and US, medical management should be considered, Sx might be necessary
clinical signs of vulvar and penile tumors
depend on location, may see mass protruding from vulva or sheath, perineal swelling, discharge, dysuria, constipation
TX for vulvar and penile tumors
Sx removal with OHE reduces in females, Sx removal and chemo maybe benefit male
canine transmissible venereal tumors (CTVT)
common tumor on dogs, multiple SQ nodules on external genitalia, lipsand other parts of body
etiology CTVT
transplant of cancer cells (59 chromosomes instead of 78), cell type is probably a histiocyte
signalment CTVT
any, but young dogs are more common
transmission of CTVT
direct contact (copulation, social behavior, sniffing, and licking) fomites, mechanical vectors
Dx CTVT
appearance: cauliflower like, pedunculated and nodular
Bx: definitive Dx
Tx CTVT
Sx removal with chemo or radiation
Px CTVT
good with appropriate Tx
signalment for mammary tumors
intact female dogs, rare in male dogs or cats (poodles, weenies, spaniels)
etiology mammary tumors
more common in intact female dogs or spayed after 2 years, cats spayed before 6 months have 7-times reduced risk of tumors
in dogs ___ of mammary tumors are benign and ____ are malignant
50%, 50%
in cats ____ of mammary tumors are malignant
85%
clinical signs of mammary tumors
palpable mass underneath abd, discharge from mammary gland, painful, swollen breasts, loss of appetite, anorexia
Dx mammary tumors
FNA??? Bx
Tx mammary tumors
mastectomy, lymph node in cats removed as well
prostate
situated just caudal to the bladder and produces fluid to transport sperm for ejaculation
Prostatic disease is more common in
dogs than cats
etiology of prostate disease
altered androgen/estrogen ratio, requires presence of testes
clinical signs of prostatic hyperplasia
asymptomatic, tenesmus, bilateral symmetrical enlargement upon rectal palpation
Dx prostatic hyperplasia
Hx, CS, PE
Tx prostatic hyperplasia
castration reduces size of gland within 1-2 weeks
Prostatitis
inflammation of prostate
etiology of prostatitis
E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staph, Brucella sepsis
clinical signs of prostatitis
fever, anorexia, caudal abd pain, stiff gait, UTI
Dx of prostatitis
UA, RBCs, WBCs, bacteria and urine culture
Tx prostatitis
antibiotics
complications with prostatitis
prostatic abscessation
prostatic abscessation
serious form of bacterial prostatitis in which pockets of purulent exudate form within the gland
clinical signs prostatic abscessation
tenesmus, urethral discharge, lethargy, pain, vomiting, hematuria, fever
Dx prostatic abscessation
labs, FNA
Tx prostatic abscessation
Sx draining, castration antibiotics
Px prostatic abscessation
guarded to poor
prostatic neoplasia
all neoplasms that affect the prostate are malignant
signalment prostatic neoplasia
dogs< cats
clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia
same as other prostate diseases
Dx prostatic neoplasia
rads, US
Tx prostatic neoplasia
chemo???
Px prostatic neoplasia
poor
cryptorchidism
failure of one or both testicles to descend into scrotum (retained in abdomen or inguinal canal)
unilateral cryptorchidism
one retained testicle
signalment cryptorchidism
all males but toy breeds higher risk
clinical signs cryptorchidism
usually none
Dx cryptorchidism
PE, abd ultrasound
Tx cryptorchidism
castration
complication cryptorchidism
risk of developing testicular neoplasia
sertoli cell tumors
bilateral, non-pruritic alopecia and hyperpigmentation around inguinal region, 1 testicle larger than other, male dogs takes on female qualities, abd mass (undescended testicle)
orchitis and epididymitis
acute inflammation of testis or epididymis
etiology orchitis and epididymitis
trauma, infection, fungal or bacterial or viral, testicular torsion, hematogenous
clinical signs orchitis and epididymitis
pain, swelling of testes, epididymis or scrotum
signalment orchitis and epididymitis
dogs, rare in cats
Dx orchitis and epididymitis
PE, screened for B. canis
Tx orchitis and epididymitis
anti-infectives, castration
estrous cycle in equine
21 days
when do horses ovulate?
24-48 hrs before and end of estrus
gestation period of a mare
11-12 months
etiology of abortions
Bacterial: E. coli, salmonella, klebsiella, actinobacillus spp
Viral: EHV-1
clinical signs of abortions
abortion, vaginal discharge, mare begins to cycle again, premature milk-letdown
Dx abortion
C&S, virus isolation from aborted fetus and placenta
Tx abortion
uterine flush containing antibiotics
prevention abortion
vax mares with killed vax 5, 7, and 9 months of gestation
contagious equine metritis
uterine inflammation caused by sexually transmitted infections
etiology of CEM
Taylorella equigenitalis
transmission CEM
contaminated semen from the stallion during breeding
clinical signs of CEM
vaginal discharge 14 days after breeding, infertility
Dx CEM
bacterial C&S
Tx CEM
flushing mares uterus and stallions urethra, antibiotics
stage 1 of equine labor
abd discomfort, restlessness, patches of sweat on flank, rolling, amniotic fluid
stage 2 equine labor
rupture of choriollantois and ends when fetus in expelled
stage 3 equine labor
expulsion of fetal membranes
dystocia in mares
second stage of labor more than 20 minutes
etiology of dystocia in mares
mare/foal size mismatch, malpresentation of the foal, twins
Tx of dystocia in mares
correct malposition, fetotomy if foal is dead, C section
red bag
premature placental separation, placenta and fetus expelled at same times, placenta detaches from uterus and foal can not longer receiving oxygen
Tx of red bag
if red velvet structure is protruding from vulva, immediately cut with scissors and try to gently pull the foal
retained placenta
when mare does not pass placenta within 3-6 hrs of foaling
etiology of retained placenta
common after dystocia, can rip
clinical signs of retained placenta
placental membranes extruding from vulva, vaginal discharge, fever, laminitis, colic symptoms
