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Disease and Pathology > repro and neonatal > Flashcards

repro and neonatal Flashcards

1
Q

female repro anatomy

A

ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina

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2
Q

ovaries

A

Side of production of unfertilized, eggs, and many hormones

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3
Q

oviducts

A

eggs passed from the ovaries into the oviducts site of fertilization for the sperm

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4
Q

uterus

A

composed of left and right horn and uterine body where developing embryo is mature

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5
Q

male reproductive anatomy

A

testicles, vas deferens, prostate gland, and penis

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6
Q

testicles

A

sperm production and storage

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7
Q

prostate gland in vas deferens

A

The sperm is transported to the prostate gland by the vas deferens within the prostate additional fluids are added for transport

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8
Q

vaginitis

A

inflammation of the vagina

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9
Q

signalment for vaginitis

A

juvenile or puppy and adults

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10
Q

etiologies of vaginitis

A

poorly understood

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11
Q

clinical signs of vaginitis

A

minimal or no signs discharge of vulvar lips Commonly described

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12
Q

adult onset vaginitis is more common…

A

spayed dogs rather than intact dogs

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13
Q

common complaints associated with vaginitis

A

vulvar licking, pollakiuria, urinary incontinence

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14
Q

Dx of vaginitis

A

cytologic examination of vaginal epithelial cells and vaginal discharge, vaginal and urine bacterial cultures, UA, vaginoscopy

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15
Q

Tx vaginitis

A

depends on bacterial CandS (antibiotics if appropriate)

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16
Q

pseudopregnancy

A

false pregnancy

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17
Q

etiology of pseudopregnancy

A

decreasing levels of progesterone and increased levels of prolactin following estrus cycle

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18
Q

clinical signs of false pregnancy

A

weight gain, enlarged mammary glands, lactation, vaginal discharge, behavior changes, mother activity, restlessness, false labor

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19
Q

Tx false pregnancy

A

do not require treatment and will resolve in 14-21 days

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20
Q

pyometra

A

pus in uterus

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21
Q

etiology of pyometra

A

secondary infection as a result of hormonal changes in reproductive tract the second cystic lining secretes fluids that create an ideal environment for bacteria to grow in

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22
Q

bacteria causing pyometra

A

streptococcus, klebsiella, Pastorella, Proteus, Moraxella, staphylococcus

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23
Q

what happens if cervix is open or relaxed

A

bacteria normally found in vagina can enter uterus

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24
Q

signalment for pyometra

A

intact females, middle, aged to older

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25
Q

clinical signs of pyometra

A

if cervix is open, possible drain from uterus through vagina to the outside, if cervix is closed, pus will not be able to drain and abdominal distend

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26
Q

more clinical signs of pyometra

A

fever, abdominal, enlargement, vomiting, lethargy, PU/PD, dehydration, azotemia, vaginal discharge

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27
Q

Dx pyometra

A

history clinical signs, CBC, radiographs ultrasound

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28
Q

Tx for pyometra

A

Ovariohysterectomy

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29
Q

dystocia

A

difficult labor

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30
Q

etiology of dystocia

A

maternal factors: uterine inertia (lack of coordinated contractions or exhaustion of uterine musculature), narrowed birth canal
fetal factors: large fetuses, abnormal position

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31
Q

signalment for dystocia

A

any, brachycephalic dogs and siamese cats are predisposed

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32
Q

average gestation for dog and cat

A

roughly 63 days

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33
Q

stage 1 of labor

A

female often stops eating, becomes restless, may vomit, rectal temp drops, may find a corner and start making a bed

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34
Q

stage 2 of labor

A

female starts to contract uterus forcibly, start gradually and increase intensity frequency and duration

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35
Q

stage 3 of labor

A

expulsion of placenta

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36
Q

signs of distress in pregnant animal

A

goes beyond proposed due date, no evidence of stage 1, no fetus delivered after an hour of labor, vaginal discharge turns green or bloody, animal in pain, babies are stillborn, alive but seem weak or not normal

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37
Q

treatment for dystocia

A

animal should be examined for systemic illness, sterile digital vaginal exam to evaluate patency, rads and US, medical management should be considered, Sx might be necessary

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38
Q

clinical signs of vulvar and penile tumors

A

depend on location, may see mass protruding from vulva or sheath, perineal swelling, discharge, dysuria, constipation

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39
Q

TX for vulvar and penile tumors

A

Sx removal with OHE reduces in females, Sx removal and chemo maybe benefit male

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40
Q

canine transmissible venereal tumors (CTVT)

A

common tumor on dogs, multiple SQ nodules on external genitalia, lipsand other parts of body

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41
Q

etiology CTVT

A

transplant of cancer cells (59 chromosomes instead of 78), cell type is probably a histiocyte

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42
Q

signalment CTVT

A

any, but young dogs are more common

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43
Q

transmission of CTVT

A

direct contact (copulation, social behavior, sniffing, and licking) fomites, mechanical vectors

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44
Q

Dx CTVT

A

appearance: cauliflower like, pedunculated and nodular
Bx: definitive Dx

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45
Q

Tx CTVT

A

Sx removal with chemo or radiation

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46
Q

Px CTVT

A

good with appropriate Tx

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47
Q

signalment for mammary tumors

A

intact female dogs, rare in male dogs or cats (poodles, weenies, spaniels)

48
Q

etiology mammary tumors

A

more common in intact female dogs or spayed after 2 years, cats spayed before 6 months have 7-times reduced risk of tumors

49
Q

in dogs ___ of mammary tumors are benign and ____ are malignant

50
Q

in cats ____ of mammary tumors are malignant

51
Q

clinical signs of mammary tumors

A

palpable mass underneath abd, discharge from mammary gland, painful, swollen breasts, loss of appetite, anorexia

52
Q

Dx mammary tumors

53
Q

Tx mammary tumors

A

mastectomy, lymph node in cats removed as well

54
Q

prostate

A

situated just caudal to the bladder and produces fluid to transport sperm for ejaculation

55
Q

Prostatic disease is more common in

A

dogs than cats

56
Q

etiology of prostate disease

A

altered androgen/estrogen ratio, requires presence of testes

57
Q

clinical signs of prostatic hyperplasia

A

asymptomatic, tenesmus, bilateral symmetrical enlargement upon rectal palpation

58
Q

Dx prostatic hyperplasia

A

Hx, CS, PE

59
Q

Tx prostatic hyperplasia

A

castration reduces size of gland within 1-2 weeks

60
Q

Prostatitis

A

inflammation of prostate

61
Q

etiology of prostatitis

A

E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staph, Brucella sepsis

62
Q

clinical signs of prostatitis

A

fever, anorexia, caudal abd pain, stiff gait, UTI

63
Q

Dx of prostatitis

A

UA, RBCs, WBCs, bacteria and urine culture

64
Q

Tx prostatitis

A

antibiotics

65
Q

complications with prostatitis

A

prostatic abscessation

66
Q

prostatic abscessation

A

serious form of bacterial prostatitis in which pockets of purulent exudate form within the gland

67
Q

clinical signs prostatic abscessation

A

tenesmus, urethral discharge, lethargy, pain, vomiting, hematuria, fever

68
Q

Dx prostatic abscessation

69
Q

Tx prostatic abscessation

A

Sx draining, castration antibiotics

70
Q

Px prostatic abscessation

A

guarded to poor

71
Q

prostatic neoplasia

A

all neoplasms that affect the prostate are malignant

72
Q

signalment prostatic neoplasia

A

dogs< cats

73
Q

clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia

A

same as other prostate diseases

74
Q

Dx prostatic neoplasia

75
Q

Tx prostatic neoplasia

76
Q

Px prostatic neoplasia

77
Q

cryptorchidism

A

failure of one or both testicles to descend into scrotum (retained in abdomen or inguinal canal)

78
Q

unilateral cryptorchidism

A

one retained testicle

79
Q

signalment cryptorchidism

A

all males but toy breeds higher risk

80
Q

clinical signs cryptorchidism

A

usually none

81
Q

Dx cryptorchidism

A

PE, abd ultrasound

82
Q

Tx cryptorchidism

A

castration

83
Q

complication cryptorchidism

A

risk of developing testicular neoplasia

84
Q

sertoli cell tumors

A

bilateral, non-pruritic alopecia and hyperpigmentation around inguinal region, 1 testicle larger than other, male dogs takes on female qualities, abd mass (undescended testicle)

85
Q

orchitis and epididymitis

A

acute inflammation of testis or epididymis

86
Q

etiology orchitis and epididymitis

A

trauma, infection, fungal or bacterial or viral, testicular torsion, hematogenous

87
Q

clinical signs orchitis and epididymitis

A

pain, swelling of testes, epididymis or scrotum

88
Q

signalment orchitis and epididymitis

A

dogs, rare in cats

89
Q

Dx orchitis and epididymitis

A

PE, screened for B. canis

90
Q

Tx orchitis and epididymitis

A

anti-infectives, castration

91
Q

estrous cycle in equine

92
Q

when do horses ovulate?

A

24-48 hrs before and end of estrus

93
Q

gestation period of a mare

A

11-12 months

94
Q

etiology of abortions

A

Bacterial: E. coli, salmonella, klebsiella, actinobacillus spp
Viral: EHV-1

95
Q

clinical signs of abortions

A

abortion, vaginal discharge, mare begins to cycle again, premature milk-letdown

96
Q

Dx abortion

A

C&S, virus isolation from aborted fetus and placenta

97
Q

Tx abortion

A

uterine flush containing antibiotics

98
Q

prevention abortion

A

vax mares with killed vax 5, 7, and 9 months of gestation

99
Q

contagious equine metritis

A

uterine inflammation caused by sexually transmitted infections

100
Q

etiology of CEM

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

101
Q

transmission CEM

A

contaminated semen from the stallion during breeding

102
Q

clinical signs of CEM

A

vaginal discharge 14 days after breeding, infertility

103
Q

Dx CEM

A

bacterial C&S

104
Q

Tx CEM

A

flushing mares uterus and stallions urethra, antibiotics

105
Q

stage 1 of equine labor

A

abd discomfort, restlessness, patches of sweat on flank, rolling, amniotic fluid

106
Q

stage 2 equine labor

A

rupture of choriollantois and ends when fetus in expelled

107
Q

stage 3 equine labor

A

expulsion of fetal membranes

108
Q

dystocia in mares

A

second stage of labor more than 20 minutes

109
Q

etiology of dystocia in mares

A

mare/foal size mismatch, malpresentation of the foal, twins

110
Q

Tx of dystocia in mares

A

correct malposition, fetotomy if foal is dead, C section

111
Q

red bag

A

premature placental separation, placenta and fetus expelled at same times, placenta detaches from uterus and foal can not longer receiving oxygen

112
Q

Tx of red bag

A

if red velvet structure is protruding from vulva, immediately cut with scissors and try to gently pull the foal

113
Q

retained placenta

A

when mare does not pass placenta within 3-6 hrs of foaling

114
Q

etiology of retained placenta

A

common after dystocia, can rip

115
Q

clinical signs of retained placenta

A

placental membranes extruding from vulva, vaginal discharge, fever, laminitis, colic symptoms

Disease and Pathology (16 decks)

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