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repro and neonatal Flashcards

1
Q

female repro anatomy

A

ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina

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2
Q

ovaries

A

Side of production of unfertilized, eggs, and many hormones

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3
Q

oviducts

A

eggs passed from the ovaries into the oviducts site of fertilization for the sperm

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4
Q

uterus

A

composed of left and right horn and uterine body where developing embryo is mature

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5
Q

male reproductive anatomy

A

testicles, vas deferens, prostate gland, and penis

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6
Q

testicles

A

sperm production and storage

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7
Q

prostate gland in vas deferens

A

The sperm is transported to the prostate gland by the vas deferens within the prostate additional fluids are added for transport

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8
Q

vaginitis

A

inflammation of the vagina

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9
Q

signalment for vaginitis

A

juvenile or puppy and adults

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10
Q

etiologies of vaginitis

A

poorly understood

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11
Q

clinical signs of vaginitis

A

minimal or no signs discharge of vulvar lips Commonly described

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12
Q

adult onset vaginitis is more common…

A

spayed dogs rather than intact dogs

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13
Q

common complaints associated with vaginitis

A

vulvar licking, pollakiuria, urinary incontinence

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14
Q

Dx of vaginitis

A

cytologic examination of vaginal epithelial cells and vaginal discharge, vaginal and urine bacterial cultures, UA, vaginoscopy

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15
Q

Tx vaginitis

A

depends on bacterial CandS (antibiotics if appropriate)

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16
Q

pseudopregnancy

A

false pregnancy

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17
Q

etiology of pseudopregnancy

A

decreasing levels of progesterone and increased levels of prolactin following estrus cycle

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18
Q

clinical signs of false pregnancy

A

weight gain, enlarged mammary glands, lactation, vaginal discharge, behavior changes, mother activity, restlessness, false labor

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19
Q

Tx false pregnancy

A

do not require treatment and will resolve in 14-21 days

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20
Q

pyometra

A

pus in uterus

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21
Q

etiology of pyometra

A

secondary infection as a result of hormonal changes in reproductive tract the second cystic lining secretes fluids that create an ideal environment for bacteria to grow in

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22
Q

bacteria causing pyometra

A

streptococcus, klebsiella, Pastorella, Proteus, Moraxella, staphylococcus

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23
Q

what happens if cervix is open or relaxed

A

bacteria normally found in vagina can enter uterus

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24
Q

signalment for pyometra

A

intact females, middle, aged to older

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25
clinical signs of pyometra
if cervix is open, possible drain from uterus through vagina to the outside, if cervix is closed, pus will not be able to drain and abdominal distend
26
more clinical signs of pyometra
fever, abdominal, enlargement, vomiting, lethargy, PU/PD, dehydration, azotemia, vaginal discharge
27
Dx pyometra
history clinical signs, CBC, radiographs ultrasound
28
Tx for pyometra
Ovariohysterectomy
29
dystocia
difficult labor
30
etiology of dystocia
maternal factors: uterine inertia (lack of coordinated contractions or exhaustion of uterine musculature), narrowed birth canal fetal factors: large fetuses, abnormal position
31
signalment for dystocia
any, brachycephalic dogs and siamese cats are predisposed
32
average gestation for dog and cat
roughly 63 days
33
stage 1 of labor
female often stops eating, becomes restless, may vomit, rectal temp drops, may find a corner and start making a bed
34
stage 2 of labor
female starts to contract uterus forcibly, start gradually and increase intensity frequency and duration
35
stage 3 of labor
expulsion of placenta
36
signs of distress in pregnant animal
goes beyond proposed due date, no evidence of stage 1, no fetus delivered after an hour of labor, vaginal discharge turns green or bloody, animal in pain, babies are stillborn, alive but seem weak or not normal
37
treatment for dystocia
animal should be examined for systemic illness, sterile digital vaginal exam to evaluate patency, rads and US, medical management should be considered, Sx might be necessary
38
clinical signs of vulvar and penile tumors
depend on location, may see mass protruding from vulva or sheath, perineal swelling, discharge, dysuria, constipation
39
TX for vulvar and penile tumors
Sx removal with OHE reduces in females, Sx removal and chemo maybe benefit male
40
canine transmissible venereal tumors (CTVT)
common tumor on dogs, multiple SQ nodules on external genitalia, lipsand other parts of body
41
etiology CTVT
transplant of cancer cells (59 chromosomes instead of 78), cell type is probably a histiocyte
42
signalment CTVT
any, but young dogs are more common
43
transmission of CTVT
direct contact (copulation, social behavior, sniffing, and licking) fomites, mechanical vectors
44
Dx CTVT
appearance: cauliflower like, pedunculated and nodular Bx: definitive Dx
45
Tx CTVT
Sx removal with chemo or radiation
46
Px CTVT
good with appropriate Tx
47
signalment for mammary tumors
intact female dogs, rare in male dogs or cats (poodles, weenies, spaniels)
48
etiology mammary tumors
more common in intact female dogs or spayed after 2 years, cats spayed before 6 months have 7-times reduced risk of tumors
49
in dogs ___ of mammary tumors are benign and ____ are malignant
50%, 50%
50
in cats ____ of mammary tumors are malignant
85%
51
clinical signs of mammary tumors
palpable mass underneath abd, discharge from mammary gland, painful, swollen breasts, loss of appetite, anorexia
52
Dx mammary tumors
FNA??? Bx
53
Tx mammary tumors
mastectomy, lymph node in cats removed as well
54
prostate
situated just caudal to the bladder and produces fluid to transport sperm for ejaculation
55
Prostatic disease is more common in
dogs than cats
56
etiology of prostate disease
altered androgen/estrogen ratio, requires presence of testes
57
clinical signs of prostatic hyperplasia
asymptomatic, tenesmus, bilateral symmetrical enlargement upon rectal palpation
58
Dx prostatic hyperplasia
Hx, CS, PE
59
Tx prostatic hyperplasia
castration reduces size of gland within 1-2 weeks
60
Prostatitis
inflammation of prostate
61
etiology of prostatitis
E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staph, Brucella sepsis
62
clinical signs of prostatitis
fever, anorexia, caudal abd pain, stiff gait, UTI
63
Dx of prostatitis
UA, RBCs, WBCs, bacteria and urine culture
64
Tx prostatitis
antibiotics
65
complications with prostatitis
prostatic abscessation
66
prostatic abscessation
serious form of bacterial prostatitis in which pockets of purulent exudate form within the gland
67
clinical signs prostatic abscessation
tenesmus, urethral discharge, lethargy, pain, vomiting, hematuria, fever
68
Dx prostatic abscessation
labs, FNA
69
Tx prostatic abscessation
Sx draining, castration antibiotics
70
Px prostatic abscessation
guarded to poor
71
prostatic neoplasia
all neoplasms that affect the prostate are malignant
72
signalment prostatic neoplasia
dogs< cats
73
clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia
same as other prostate diseases
74
Dx prostatic neoplasia
rads, US
75
Tx prostatic neoplasia
chemo???
76
Px prostatic neoplasia
poor
77
cryptorchidism
failure of one or both testicles to descend into scrotum (retained in abdomen or inguinal canal)
78
unilateral cryptorchidism
one retained testicle
79
signalment cryptorchidism
all males but toy breeds higher risk
80
clinical signs cryptorchidism
usually none
81
Dx cryptorchidism
PE, abd ultrasound
82
Tx cryptorchidism
castration
83
complication cryptorchidism
risk of developing testicular neoplasia
84
sertoli cell tumors
bilateral, non-pruritic alopecia and hyperpigmentation around inguinal region, 1 testicle larger than other, male dogs takes on female qualities, abd mass (undescended testicle)
85
orchitis and epididymitis
acute inflammation of testis or epididymis
86
etiology orchitis and epididymitis
trauma, infection, fungal or bacterial or viral, testicular torsion, hematogenous
87
clinical signs orchitis and epididymitis
pain, swelling of testes, epididymis or scrotum
88
signalment orchitis and epididymitis
dogs, rare in cats
89
Dx orchitis and epididymitis
PE, screened for B. canis
90
Tx orchitis and epididymitis
anti-infectives, castration
91
estrous cycle in equine
21 days
92
when do horses ovulate?
24-48 hrs before and end of estrus
93
gestation period of a mare
11-12 months
94
etiology of abortions
Bacterial: E. coli, salmonella, klebsiella, actinobacillus spp Viral: EHV-1
95
clinical signs of abortions
abortion, vaginal discharge, mare begins to cycle again, premature milk-letdown
96
Dx abortion
C&S, virus isolation from aborted fetus and placenta
97
Tx abortion
uterine flush containing antibiotics
98
prevention abortion
vax mares with killed vax 5, 7, and 9 months of gestation
99
contagious equine metritis
uterine inflammation caused by sexually transmitted infections
100
etiology of CEM
Taylorella equigenitalis
101
transmission CEM
contaminated semen from the stallion during breeding
102
clinical signs of CEM
vaginal discharge 14 days after breeding, infertility
103
Dx CEM
bacterial C&S
104
Tx CEM
flushing mares uterus and stallions urethra, antibiotics
105
stage 1 of equine labor
abd discomfort, restlessness, patches of sweat on flank, rolling, amniotic fluid
106
stage 2 equine labor
rupture of choriollantois and ends when fetus in expelled
107
stage 3 equine labor
expulsion of fetal membranes
108
dystocia in mares
second stage of labor more than 20 minutes
109
etiology of dystocia in mares
mare/foal size mismatch, malpresentation of the foal, twins
110
Tx of dystocia in mares
correct malposition, fetotomy if foal is dead, C section
111
red bag
premature placental separation, placenta and fetus expelled at same times, placenta detaches from uterus and foal can not longer receiving oxygen
112
Tx of red bag
if red velvet structure is protruding from vulva, immediately cut with scissors and try to gently pull the foal
113
retained placenta
when mare does not pass placenta within 3-6 hrs of foaling
114
etiology of retained placenta
common after dystocia, can rip
115
clinical signs of retained placenta
placental membranes extruding from vulva, vaginal discharge, fever, laminitis, colic symptoms

Disease and Pathology (16 decks)

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