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Disease and Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

uncontrolled abnormal new growth of tissue

A

neoplasia

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2
Q

neoplasm is synonymous with

A

tumor

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3
Q

slow growing usually harmless non aggressive tumor

A

benign

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4
Q

neoplasm able to invade and spread

A

malignant

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5
Q

process of when cells are transformed into tumor cells

A

carcinogenesis

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6
Q

physical agents that cause carcinogenesis

A

carcinogens

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7
Q

cell is exposed to carcinogen and rapidly and irreversibly alters DNA

A

initiation

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8
Q

initiated cells are not yet cancerous it requires further mutations and subsequent proliferation which happens during

A

promotion

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9
Q

additional cellular mutations occur which lead to continued growth of the tumor and signs of clinical disease in the patient

A

progression

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10
Q

well-defined fibrous tissue layer that surrounds some tumors

A

capsule

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11
Q

capsules are formed by

A

pressure atrophy

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12
Q

tumors can give themselves nutrients by

A

creating blood vessels to maintain growth and reprogram the stroma’s activity to its own advantage

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13
Q

tumors are regulated by

A

host immune response, adequacy of blood supply, hormonal growth factor availability

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14
Q

body is unable to “turn off” division of tumor cells

A

unregulated proliferation

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15
Q

8 characteristics of cancer cells

A
  • stimulate own growth
    -insensitive to inhibitory signs
    -evade their own cell death (apoptosis)
    -multiply indefinitely
    -grow blood vessels
    -invade local and distant tissue
    -follow abnormal metabolic pathways
    -evade body’s immune defenses
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16
Q

normal cell structure

A

large cytoplasm, single nucleus, single nucleolus, fine chromatin

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17
Q

cancer cell structure

A

small cytoplasm, multiple nuclei, large nucleoli, course chromatin

18
Q

process by which cancer cells spread from primary tumor to secondary locations such as lung, lymph nodes, or visceral sites

A

metastasis

19
Q

pathways of metastasis

A

lymphatic, hematogenous, transplantation, direct seeding

20
Q

benign tumors cannot spread BUT…

A

can impede on normal body functions ex. a tumor on the meninges can add pressure to brain and spinal cord

21
Q

tumors are composed on 2 types of tissue

A

parenchyma and stroma

22
Q

parenchyma

A

functional tissues of an organ, determines the behavior of a tumor, tumor is named based on this (-oma)

23
Q

stroma

A

composed of the surrounding structures of lymph, blood vessels and connective tissue, provides nutrients to the tumor by way of blood supply, without this the tumor would die

24
Q

arise from epithelial tissue (skin, mucous membranes, glandular organs)

A

carcinoma

25
Q

arise from mesenchymal tissue (cartilage, connective tissue, bone)

A

sarcoma

26
Q

-oma refers to

A

benign tumors

27
Q

-sarcoma and -carcinoma refer to

A

malignant

28
Q

many malignant tumors will form what

A

ulcers

29
Q

low-grade tumors

A

well-differentiated, few mitotic figures, minimal invasion of surrounding tissue

30
Q

high grade tumors

A

undifferentiated, numerous mitotic figures (rapid division), aggressive invasion of surrounding tissue

31
Q

tumor staging

A

location and type, size and borders, involvement of regional lymph nodes, metastasis

32
Q

TNM

A

extent of primary tumor, involvement of lymph nodes, extent of metastasis

33
Q

physical evidence of CNS tumor

A

seizures, altered mentation

34
Q

physical evidence of Bone tumor

A

limping, pain, pathologic fractures

35
Q

physical evidence of eye tumor

A

buphthalmia, discharge, blepharospasm, blindness

36
Q

physical evidence of urinary tumor

A

hematuria, stranguria, oliguria, anuria

37
Q

syndrome characterized by muscle wasting and weight loss caused by cancer

A

cachexia

38
Q

top 4 procedures to determine tumor stage

A

FNA, Bx, radiography, ultrasound

39
Q

treating neoplasia through surgery

A

for localized neoplasia, wide surgical resection, may be curative or only palliative

40
Q

treating neoplasia through radiation

A

causes cell death by destroying DNA, may be used alone or with other treatments, may be palliative or curative

41
Q

treating neoplasia through chemo

A

treating cancer with chemical agents (PO, IM, IV), causes cell death by injuring DNA or cell membrane

42
Q

complications of chemo

A

local tissue necrosis, hypersensitivity reactions, toxicities

Disease and Pathology (16 decks)

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