Musculoskeletal Flashcards
1
Q
disruption in musculoskeletal system may be
A
trauma, degenerative disease, inflammation, poor conformation, neoplasia
2
Q
etiology of long bone fractures
A
trauma, disease, repeated stress
3
Q
classification of long bone fractures
A
open or closed (pierce the skin or not)
simple or comminuted (single break or multiple small breaks)
stable or unstable
4
Q
transverse fracture
A
break straight across bone
5
Q
oblique fracture
A
diagonal break
6
Q
spiral fracture
A
creates spiral up the bone
7
Q
comminuted fracture
A
multiple breaks creating shards of bone
8
Q
avulsion fracture
A
break at the epiphysis
9
Q
impacted fracture
A
2 pieces of bone pushing together at site of break
10
Q
fissure fracture
A
break along long axis of bone
11
Q
greenstick fracture
A
break that does not go through bone
12
Q
Dx of long bone fractures
A
radiographs, at least 2 views
13
Q
Tx for long bone fractures
A
fixation (stabilization)
14
Q
how do bones heal?
A
hematoma, fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus, bony (hard) callus, remodeling
15
Q
splints and casts
A
used to stabilize fracture, ideal for simple fractures, must be adequately padded and must be kept dry (must be replaced regularly for puppies)
16
Q
intramedullary pins (IM pins)
A
provides fracture site rigidity, prevent forces of bending/rotation, must be placed in sterile environment, not recommended for forelimbs
17
Q
bone plates
A
provide stabilization for most fractures, should be removed but sometimes kept in place
18
Q
external skeletal fixation
A
multiple pins and external bars holding bones in place, good for complex fracture sites
19
Q
client education for fractures
A
restrict activity, leash walks for 6-8 weeks, surgical site care, follow up RADs, additional surgery may be necessary
20
Q
what is a cruciate ligament
A
ligaments which stabilize the knee, create an X pattern at the femur and tibia
21
Q
cruciate ligament injury is the ______ ______ injury to stile of dog
A
most common
22
Q
cruciate ligament injury may be
A
partial tear or complete rupture
23
Q
cruciate ligament injury can cause
A
secondary diseases (DJD)
24
Q
signalment for cruciate ligament injury
A
seen in middle aged, obese, inactive animals (can affect all dogs of all sizes)
25
dogs with higher chances of CLI
rotties, newfies, staffies, mastiff, akita, st bernard, CB retrievers, labs
26
Dx for cruciate ligament injury
clinical signs, lameness, gait change, rads
27
cranial drawer test
tibia slides forward over femoral condyles (usually done with sedation)
28
tibial compression test
tibia slides forward over femur while hock is flexed
29
Tx for cruciate ligament injury
meds (anti-inflammatory) physical therapy, braces
30
client education for cruciate ligament
contralateral limb will most likely also be affected, Sx to fix ruptured ligament, activity restriction, weight loss
31
patellar luxation
patella pops out of place either medially or laterally
32
medial luxation
toy, mini, and large breeds
33
lateral luxation
toy and mini breeds, large or giant breeds
34
most common orthopedic condition in dogs
patellar luxation
35
small breeds predisposed to patellar luxation
boston terrier, yorki, chihuahua, poms, mini poodles
36
large breeds predisposed to patellar luxation
shar pei, flat coated retrievers, akitas, great pyrenees
37
Tx for patellar luxation
may need Sx, activity restriction, anti-inflammatories, chondroprotectants
38
genetic/hereditary disease in large breed dogs
hip dysplasia
39
what is hip dysplasia
disease of ball and socket joint due to abnormal acetabulum or femoral head
40
clinical signs for hip dysplasia
young animals slow to rise, older dogs may have muscle atrophy
41
Dx hip dysplasia
RADs
42
hip dysplasia is ______ so older animals cannot get this unless born with it
congenital
43
Tx hip dysplasia
Sx (total hip replacement or femoral head ostectomy) hip and joint sups
44
client education for hip dysplasia
OFA recommendations, weight loss, progression/degenerative, Sx is only cure
45
Legg-Perthes Disease (avascular necrosis)
loss of blood supply to femoral head which may cause trauma to hip
46
signalment for LPD
small young breeds (terriers)
47
clinical signs for LPD
reduced hip mobility, lack of muscle mass, limb shortening, pet becomes irritable
48
Dx of LPD
RADs
49
Tx for LPD
Sx (femoral head ostectomy)
50
osteochondrosis dissecans
abnormal development of cartilage at end of bone in the joint
51
most common joints of osteochondrosis dissecans
shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
52
signalment for osteochondrosis dissecans
rapidly growing medium to large dogs typically between 6-9 mo of age
53
Dx of osteochondrosis dissecans
RADs reveal loose cartilage flap or "joint mouse", arthroscopic exam
54
Tx osteochondrosis dissecans
rest, weight control, Sx
55
panosteitis
painful inflammation of outer surface or shaft of one or more long bones (growing pains)
56
clinical signs of panosteitis
shifting leg lameness, occurs suddenly and spontaneously
57
signalment of panosteitis
young, rapidly growing dogs
58
predisposed breeds for panosteitis
goldens, GSD, great danes, labs, rotties, dobies, bassets
59
which sex does panosteitis affect more
males
60
Dx panosteitis
RADs
61
Tx panosteitis
anti-inflammatory drugs
62
coxofemoral luxations
tearing of joint capsule and round ligament
63
etiology coxofemoral luxations
trauma, poor conformation
64
clinical signs coxofemoral luxations
Hx, acute lameness, swelling
65
Dx coxofemoral luxations
RADs
66
Tx coxofemoral luxations
closed or open reduction, consider other organ systems affected
67
client education coxofemoral luxations
rest, FHO
68
bacterial myositis
bacterial infection of bite or puncture wound (Staphylococcus, Clostridium)
69
Tx for bacterial myositis
antibiotics
70
protozoal myositis
toxoplasma encysted within muscles of + cats
71
Tx of protozoal myositis
antiprotozoal
72
polymyositis
immune-mediated condition that causes depression, lameness, weakness, fever
73
Tx of polymyositis
steroids
74
masticatory myositis
involves muscles of mastication
75
Tx of masticatory myositis
steroids
76
feline polymyopathy
hypokalemia causes ventral neck flexion
77
Tx feline polymyopathy
K+ supplement
78
most common neoplasia
osteosarcoma
79
commonly affected sites for neoplasia
distal radius, proximal humerus, distal femur, prox tibia
80
signalment for neoplasia
large breed male dogs over 7
81
Dx neoplasia
RADs, Bx
82
Tx neoplasia
amputation, chemo
83
client education
amputation will not prevent metastasis, chemo is $$$ and has side effects
84
the equine foot
basically horse walking on middle finger
85
____ percent of horse lameness come from the hoof
90
86
diseases affected the hoof
subsolar bruise, abscess, navicular syndrome, thrush, fractures
87
etiology subsolar bruise
trauma that causes hemorrhage
88
clinical signs of subsolar bruise
chronic, low-grade lameness
89
Dx subsolar bruise
hoof testers, visualizing the bruise
90
Tx and prevention subsolar bruise
proper trimming and shoeing
91
etiology of hoof abscess
bacteria within hoof capsule
92
signalment of hoof abscess
horses with foreign body penetration
93
clinical signs of hoof abscess
fever, acute lameness, increased digital pulse, fetlock and pastern swelling
94
Dx of hoof abscess
visualize draining tract, RADs
95
Tx hoof abscess
pare out abscess, anti-inflammatory, foot soaks, antibiotics, +/- tetanus
96
navicular disease etiology
inflammation of navicular bursa, excessive strain on tendons, improperly trimmed hooves
97
signalment for navicular disease
6-8 yr, quarter horses and thoroughbred
98
clinical signs of navicular disease
pointing, pain over frog, chronic, bilateral lameness
99
Dx navicular disease
digital nerve block, RADs
100
Tx navicular disease
NSAIDS, correct hoof imbalance, suspensory ligament desmotomy
101
etiology of thrush
bacterial infection of frogs, wet conditions
102
bacteria of thrush
Fusarium necrophorum
103
clinical signs of thrush
foul smelling black discharge from frog
104
Tx for thrush
clean feet, remove necrotic material, topical astringents
105
client education for thrush
husbandry, keep feet clean
106
sidebones
ossification of collateral cartilage found on either side of hoof protruding past coronary band
107
etiology of sidebones
trauma
108
signalment for sidebones
draft horses, older horses
109
Dx of sidebones
rads
110
Tx of sidebones
rest, NSAIDS, immobilize foot
111
proximal sesamoid fractures
just know that they exist
112
signalment for sesamoid fractures
high athletic horses, performance horses
113
Tx for sesamoid fractures
Sx removal, internal fixation, rest up to a year
114
sesamoiditis
inflammation of the sesamoid bones due to high stress/impact
115
signalment of sesamoiditis
racehorses, dressage horses
116
Dx of sesamoiditis
rads
117
Tx of sesamoiditis
NSAIDS, rest
118
bucked shins
painful periostitis, on cranial surface of metacarpal and metatarsal bones
119
signalment of bucked shins
forelimbs of young thoroughbreds
120
clinical signs of bucked shins
warm, painful swelling, lameness
121
Tx for bucked shins
rest, NSAIDS, decrease training
122
prevention bucked shins
modify exercise and training
123
splints
inflammation of the splint bones
124
etiology of splints
mineral and vitamin imbalances (Ca, phos, vitamins A and D)
125
clinical signs of splints
swelling along cannon bone
126
Dx splints
rads
127
Tx splints
diet change, rest
128
laminitis (founder)
inflammation of sensitive laminae causes blood to pass dermal laminae, vasoconstriction causes laminae to separate from hoof wall
129
clinical signs of laminitis
pounding digital pulse, warmth, pain over toe
130
Dx laminitis
rads
131
Tx laminitis
NSAIDS, proper shoeing (high heel)
132
shoulder sweeny
damage to superscapular nerve, atrophy in shoulder muscle
133
etiology of shoulder sweeny
trauma
134
Tx of shoulder sweeny
steroids, NSAIDS, acupuncture, therapy laser
135
bog spavin
chronic synovitis of talocrural joint, distention of capsule
136
signalment of bog spavin
young horses
137
etiology of bog spavin
trauma
138
clinical signs of bog spavin
swelling of hock
139
Tx of bog spavin
rest, steroids, withdrawal of fluids
140
rhabdomyolysis
muscle fatigue, pain, or cramping associated with exercise
141
hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP)
inherited disorder that affects the sodium channels in muscle cells and ability to regulate potassium levels
142
clinical signs of HYPP
muscle trembling, prolapse of third eyelid, weakness, complete collapse
143
secondary hyperparathyroidism
aka big head, high potassium low calcium
144
clinical signs of big head
enlarged facial bones, spontaneous fractures, shifting leg lameness
145
Tx of big head
mineral balance
146
infectious footrot etiology
Dichelobacter nodosus
147
clinical signs of footrot
lameness, malodorous discharge, interdigital dermatitis
148
Tx of footrot
hoof trimming, cleaning, topical antiseptics
149
signalment for septic arthritis
neonates
150
etiology of septic arthritis
penetrating wound near joint, umbilical infection
151
clinical signs of septic arthritis
lameness, swelling, fever, anorexia
152
Dx septic arthritis
rads
153
Tx septic arthritis
antibiotics, joint lavage
154
prevention of septic arthritis
adequate colostrum, cleaning umbilicus
155
etiology of caprine arthritis encephalitis
retrovirus
156
signalment of CAE
goats under 6 months
157
transmission of CAE
mother to baby
158
clinical signs of CAE
chronic arthritis, swelling
159
Dx CAE
serology
160
Tx CAE
supportive
161
rickets and osteomalacia
malformation of bones due to lack of vitamin D, Ca, and phos
162
clinical signs of rickets
stiff gate, recumbency, enlarged costochondral junction
163
Dx for rickets
rads and labs
164
Tx for rickets
vit D injection, calcium and phos supplement
165
prevention of rickets
sunlight, proper nutrients
166
etiology of ergot toxicosis
ingestion of fungus Claviceps purpurea (infected feed)
167
pathogenesis of ergot toxicosis
vasoconstriction by direct action of the limbs of the arterioles and repeated injury
168
clinical signs of ergot toxicosis
distal limb discoloration, swelling, lameness
169
Dx ergot toxicosis
ID organism in feed
170
TX ergot toxicosis
remove animals from infected pasture or remove contaminated feed
