Immune System Flashcards
genetic ability of a species to provide defense against a certain pathogens
species resistance
body’s first line of defense
mechanical: skin
chemical: mucus, sebum, urine, enzymes
what type of barriers does the respiratory system have?
mechanical and chemical: coughing and ciliated mucous mambranes
advantages of fever
increase metabolism of certain cells, increases phagocytosis, reduction in iron available for iron
disadvantages of fever
increased heart rate, dehydration, increased caloric demand, seizures
if skin is broken, pathogens may enter the internal structures and causes disease
inflammatory response
WBCs will “gobble up” foreign material
phagocytosis
lymphatic system
extracellular fluid flowing through lymph vessels and nodes
engulf, kill and breakdown foreign particles
macrophages
proteins that are produced in response to viruses, endotoxins, and certain bacteria and activates NK cells
interferon
biochemical cascade of 20 proteins which help clear pathogens which binds to invading cells and creates holes
complement
produce antibodies, originate and mature in the bone marrow, humoral immunity
B-Cells
interact with pathogen directly, formed in bone marrow, matures in thymus, cell-mediated immunity, programmed for self-recognition
T-cells
humoral immunity
some B-cell clones become plasma cells, some clones become memory cells
crosses placenta to protect fetus, makes up 75-80 % of all immunoglobulins
IgG
largest immunoglobulin, 7-10%, activates complement
IgM
breast milk, mucus, saliva, resists enzymatic digestion, inhibits organisms from adhering to tissues
IgA
associated with hypersensitivity reactions (allergies)
IgE
small amount in serum, not really sure what it does
IgD
occurs as results of genetic factors that influence the developing animal before birth, NK cells and macrophages
Innate Immunity
occurs after animal is born, may be natural or artificial (vaccines), T and B cells
acquired immunity
occurs every time an animal is exposed to a pathogen
natural immunity
occurs from deliberate exposure to a pathogen (vaccines)
artificial immunity
antibodies are formed in one infected animal and transferred to another animal that is not infected
passive immunity
animals own immune system encounters a pathogen and produces an immune response
active immunity
immunity chart
immunity =adaptive and innate
adaptive =natural and artificial
natural = passive (maternal, active (infection
artificial= passive (antibody transfer) and active (immunization)
an immunogen is a
vaccine
insoluble aluminum salts increase immune system and antibody levels
adjuvants
even normal cells can provoke the formation of autoantibodies which can destroy normal tissue
autoimmune reaction
adverse response by the body to an antigen causing tissue damage
hypersensitivity
immediate hypersensitivity, maybe minor and local or severe and generalized mast cells produce histamine and heparin
type 1 (anaphylactic)
occurs when antibody binds to antigen present on surface of cells, may result in cell lysis and phagocytosis
type 2 (cytotoxic)
antigen antibody complexes released into tissues to cause acute inflammation (joints, skin, kidneys, lungs and brain)
type 3 (immune complex)
takes more than 12 hours to develop, lesions commonly occur when antigen contacts the skin
type 4 (cell-mediated immune response)
3 major components to prevent disease
husbandry, vaccinations or prevention, and sanitation
