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Disease and Pathology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

gingivitis

A

reversible inflammation of the gingiva and structures involved

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2
Q

periodontitis

A

irreversible inflammation of the periodontal ligament and bone destruction

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3
Q

gingival hyperplasia

A

result of chronic gingivitis (overgrowth of the gums)

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4
Q

gingivitis can lead to…

A

early periodontal disease and tooth loss will occur

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5
Q

periodontal disease can lead to…

A

kidney, liver, and heart disease

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6
Q

clinical signs of periodontal disease

A

halitosis, anorexia, pawing at mouth, salivation, tooth loss, sneezing, head shyness, oral pain, irritability, head swelling

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7
Q

Tx periodontal disease

A

dental cleaning, antibiotics

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8
Q

prevention of periodontal disease

A

good oral hygiene, weekly brushing, dental chews, annual dental cleanings

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9
Q

stomatitis in cats

A

chronic, inflammatory, suspected immune-mediated hypersensitivity to oral plaque

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10
Q

Tx stomatitis

A

reducing plaque, immune system suppression, reducing allergenic stimulation (full mouth extractions)

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11
Q

what is mucocele?

A

excess accumulation of saliva in SQ tissue surrounding a salivary gland

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12
Q

signalment of mucocele

A

GSD, poodles

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13
Q

etiology of mucocele

A

idiopathic

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14
Q

clinical signs for mucocele

A

large, painless swelling over salivary gland, dysphagia, dyspnea, blood-tinged saliva

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15
Q

Tx mucocele

A

aspiration of fluid, Sx drainage

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16
Q

malignant melanoma

A

appear as dome shaped black/brown lesions

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17
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

ulcerative, erosive lesions

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18
Q

papillomas

A

pale colored, cauliflower like growths

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19
Q

epulides

A

occur in gingiva near incisors

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20
Q

signalment for oral neoplasia

A

older dogs and cats

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21
Q

clinical signs of oral neoplasia

A

halitosis, hypersalivation, tooth loss, oral pain

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22
Q

Dx oral neoplasia

A

Bx, rule out metastasis

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23
Q

Tx oral neoplasia

A

wide excision, chemo, radiation, nutrition

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24
Q

prognosis of oral neoplasia

A

malignant: poor
benign: good

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25
Q

esophageal disease

A

megaesophagus, esophagitis, esophageal obstruction

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26
Q

esophagitis

A

inflammation of esophagus

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27
Q

etiology of esophagitis

A

physical trauma, gastroesophageal reflux, dry pilling

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28
Q

gastroesophageal reflux

A

reflux of gastric fluid into esophagus

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29
Q

clinical signs esophagitis

A

anorexia, dysphagia, excessive salivation, regurgitation

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30
Q

Dx esophagitis

A

endoscopy

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31
Q

Tx esophagitis

A

irritant substance: DILUTION
GER: dietary change, sucralfate, antacids

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32
Q

esophageal obstruction signalment

A

dogs more than cats

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33
Q

etiology of esophageal obstruction

A

bones, sticks, balls, toys

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34
Q

esophageal obstruction clinical signs

A

retching, exaggerated swallowing, anorexia, dysphagia

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35
Q

Dx esophageal obstruction

A

radiology, endoscopy

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36
Q

Tx esophageal obstruction

A

removal

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37
Q

etiology of gastroenteritis

A

acute dietary changes, infections, food allergies, toxins, foreign substances

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38
Q

clinical signs of gastroenteritis

A

anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, pain in cranial abdomen

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39
Q

Dx gastroenteritis

A

Hx diet changes, rads, CBC

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40
Q

Tx gastroenteritis

A

NPO 24-48 hrs, antiemetics, antibiotics

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41
Q

immune-mediated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

accumulation of inflammatory cells within lining of stomach and small intestines or large intestines

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42
Q

signalment of IBD

A

cats more than dogs

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43
Q

etiology of IBD

A

idiopathic

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44
Q

clinical signs of IBD

A

chronic vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss

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45
Q

Dx IBD

A

food trial, blood tests, intestinal Bx

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46
Q

Tx of IBD

A

dietary mod, antibiotics, immunosuppression therapy

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47
Q

etiology gastric ulcerations

A

NSAIDS, renal failure

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48
Q

signalment gastric ulcerations

A

any animal

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49
Q

clinical signs of gastric ulcerations

A

vomiting, anorexia, anemia, abdominal pain

50
Q

Dx gastric ulcerations

A

endoscopy

51
Q

Tx gastric ulcerations

A

treat dehydration, sucralfate, antacids

52
Q

gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV)

A

rapidly progressive, life threatening condition of dogs

53
Q

etiology of GDV

A

a large meal +/- exercise causes stomach to dilate with food and gas, stomach flips known as volvulus

54
Q

side effects of GDV

A

inadequate blood flow from heart to abdomen, loss of blood flow to lining of stomach, rupture of stomach wall, pressure on diaphragm prevents lungs from expanding, leads to shock

55
Q

signs of shock

A

weakness, collapse, dullness, depression, loss of consciousness, pale mouth, lips and eyelids, cooling of skin, rapid but weak pulse, rapid breathing, fixed stare

56
Q

clinical signs of GDV

A

anxious look, standing or stretching, drooling, distended abdomen, retching without product, collapse, recumbency, shock

57
Q

secondary complications of GDV

A

hypoxia, cardiac arrhythmias, sloughing, toxins may increase, sepsis

58
Q

Dx GDV

A

physical exam, abdominal rads (double bubble), CBC, CHEM, AU, ECG

59
Q

Tx GDV

A

STABILIZATION: 2 IVs with shock dose IVF (crystalloids) 90 mg/kg
DECOMPRESSION: stomach tube, 18 g needle/catheter
SX INTERVENTION: gastropexy

60
Q

Sx for GDV

A

de-rotation of stomach, partial removal of stomach or spleen if necessary, gastropexy

61
Q

GDV prevention

A

gastropexy, feeding smaller meals, restrict exercise after eating

62
Q

signalment for GI neoplasia

A

dogs: 6-9 yr
cats: 10-12 yr

63
Q

etiology for GI neoplasia

A

have not been identified

64
Q

most common neoplasia in dogs

A

adenocarcinoma

65
Q

most common neoplasia in cats

A

lymphoma

66
Q

adenocarcinomas typically metastasize to

A

lymph nodes, lungs and liver

67
Q

2 types of feline lymphoma

A

a low-grade kind and more aggressive kind

68
Q

clinical signs of GI neoplasia

A

vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, weightloss

69
Q

Dx GI neoplasia

A

contrast rads, ultrasound, endoscopy, laparotomy, Bx, hypercalcemia

70
Q

Tx GI neoplasia

A

Sx od tumor, chemo

71
Q

Px GI neoplasia

A

long term use of chemo makes PX poor

72
Q

allergic reactions are most commonly associated with

A

protein sources

73
Q

The most common causes of food, allergies/intolerance in dogs are

A

Beef, milk, products, and wheat

74
Q

most common causes of food, allergies and food intolerance in cats are

A

Beef, milk, products, and fish

75
Q

etiologies of dietary intolerance

A

unknown inflammation infection surgery medication

76
Q

signalment for dietary intolerance

A

Dogs: west, highland, white terriers, cocker spaniels, and Irish setters
cats: Siamese

77
Q

Tx dietary intolerance

A

strict feeding trial for at least six weeks

78
Q

acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome

A

an acute disorder characterized by vomiting and bloody diarrhea, occurring suddenly with no warning

79
Q

clinical signs of AHDS

A

painful, abdomen, decreased appetite, lethargy fatigue, fever

80
Q

intussusception

A

condition, which one segment of the intestine telescopes into the lumen of an adjacent segment of intestine

81
Q

causes of intussusception

A

intestinal, parasites, protozoal, or bacterial, foreign bodies, abrupt, dietary changes, intestinal masses, surgical procedure on intestines, increased motility intestibes

82
Q

clinical signs of intussusception

A

episodes of diarrhea or vomiting, small volumes of bloody, diarrhea, abdominal pain, or palpable abdominal mass

83
Q

diagnosis of intussusception

A

rads will show pattern of intestinal obstruction with gas, barium contrast study, ultrasound, exam

84
Q

Tx intussuscep

A

surgical correction, intestinal resection

85
Q

megacolon

A

distention and lack of motility of the colon maybe congenital or acquired

86
Q

etiology of megacolon

A

idiopathic/congenital pelvic injury chronic constipation

87
Q

signalment for mega

A

cats 5 to 9 years old

88
Q

clinical signs of megacolon

A

Abdominal discomfort, decreased appetite, lethargy, tenesmus

89
Q

Dx megacolon

A

physical exam, rads reveal full colon

90
Q

Tx megacolon

A

med management, IVF, enemas, lactulose, cispride, dietary change

91
Q

Px megacolon

A

good

92
Q

perianal fistula

A

infection of perianal region there are 1 of more draining tracts present

93
Q

Signalment for perianal fistula

A

GSD, intact dogs iver 7

94
Q

Tx of perianal fistula

A

ointments, topical tacrolimus, hyperallergic diet, cryotherapy, antibiotics

95
Q

cholangitis

A

most common acquired inflammatory liver disease in domestic cats (rare in dogs)

96
Q

clinical signs of cholangitis

A

anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, PU/PD, fever, abd pain

97
Q

Dx cholangitis

A

CBC/CHEM/UA, ultrasound

98
Q

Tx cholangitis

A

hospitalization, IVF, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antiemetics

99
Q

feline hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver)

A

excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver, which interfere with normal function

100
Q

etiology of FHL

A

over conditioned cats, pancreatitis, IBD, moving to a new house

101
Q

clinical signs of FHL

A

anorexia, weight loss, jaundice

102
Q

Dx FHL

A

CBC/CHEM reveal elevated ALT, ALKP, T. bili

103
Q

Tx FHL

A

hosp. with IVF 7-10 days, nutritional support

104
Q

portosystemic shunt

A

Abnormal connection, persists, or forms between to portal vein or one of its branches in another van, allowing blood to bypass or shunt around the liver

105
Q

what causes portosystemic shunt?

A

birth defect, multiple small shunts

106
Q

clinical signs of portosystemic shunt

A

stunted growth, poor muscle development, abnormal behaviors, PU/PD, vomiting, and diarrhea

107
Q

signalment for portosystemic shunt

A

Yorkshire terriers old English sheep dogs, Irish wolfhounds beagles, cairn terriers

108
Q

Dx portosystemic shunt

A

CBC/CHEM, bile acids test, imaging

109
Q

Tx for portosystemic shunt

A

special diets and medications, fluids, blood sugar stabilization, lactulose, antibiotics

110
Q

functions of pancreas

A

small light, pink, glandular, organ, nestled under the stomach, produces enzymes we used to digest our food

111
Q

enzymes for food digestion

A

Amylase to digest starches, lipase to digest fats, and trypsin to digest proteins

112
Q

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

caused by insufficient synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes by the exocrine portion of the

113
Q

signalmeng of EPI

A

GSD, rough coated collies, eurasians

114
Q

clinical signs of EPI

A

polyphagia, weight loss, diarrhea, feces pale and loose

115
Q

Tx EPI

A

supplement with pancreatic enzymes, cobalamine supplement, low fat diet

116
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation if pancreas due to activation of enzymes within the fland causing it to digest itself

117
Q

signalment of pancreatitis

A

dogs and cats, middle aged to older female dogs, poodles, cockers, minu schnauzer

118
Q

etiology of pancreatitis

A

obesity, elevated lipids in blood, fatty meal, steroids

119
Q

clinical signs of pancreatitis

A

vomiting, anorexia, depression, dehydration, diarrhea, abd pain

120
Q

Dx of pancreatitis

A

CBC/CHEM (luekocytes elevated amylase/lipase)

121
Q

Tx pancreatitis

A

hospitalization, IV fluids, meds, low fat diet

122
Q

Px pancreatitis

A

life threatening condition so Px is poor

Disease and Pathology (16 decks)

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