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Endocrine diseases Flashcards

1
Q

glands of the endocrine system

A

thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and parathyroid

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2
Q

function of the endocrine system

A

produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, mood, etc

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3
Q

hypothyroidism

A

impaired production and secretion of thyroid hormone resulting in decreased metabolic rate

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4
Q

signalment for hypothyroidism

A

middle aged older dogs, breeds: golden, dobies, cockers

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5
Q

clinical signs of hypothyroidism

A

weight gain with no change in diet, PU/PD, “tragic expression”, lethargy, recurrent ear and skin infections, bilateral symmetric alopecia

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6
Q

Dx hypothyroidism

A

lab findings, elevated CHOL, decreased thyroid hormones, increased TSH

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7
Q

Tx hypothyroidism

A

lifelong thyroid hormones supplement

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8
Q

what do dogs look like with hypothyroidism

A

overweight, puffy face

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9
Q

equine hypothyroidism in foals

A

weakness, incoordination, signs of dysmaturity, enlarged gland

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10
Q

equine hypothyroidism in adults

A

exercise intolerance, lethargy, bradycardia, obesity, laminitis

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11
Q

Dx equine hypothyroidism

A

serum thyroid levels not routinely done

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12
Q

Tx equine hypothyroidism

A

thyroid hormone supplement

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13
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

the overproduction of thyroid hormone

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14
Q

causes of hyperthyroidism

A

adenoma (98%) and thyroid carcinoma (2%)

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15
Q

signalment of hyperthyroidism

A

middle aged to older cats

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16
Q

clinical signs of hyperthyroidism

A

weight loss, poor hair/coat, rapid heart rate, voracious appetite or thirst, anxiety or nervousness, diarrhea, vomiting, and vocalizing

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17
Q

Dx of hyperthyroidism

A

lump or mass on neck, elevated thyroid levels

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18
Q

Tx of hyperthyroidism

A

anti-thyroid medication, Sx, radioactive therapy

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19
Q

radioactive iodide

A

safe and effective treatment with cure rates of 95-98% while avoiding Sx, anesthesia, and thyroid drugs (can cause hypothyroidism)

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20
Q

thyroid disease in ruminants

A

enlargement of thyroid gland

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21
Q

cause of thyroid disease in ruminants

A

iodine deficiency

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22
Q

clinical signs of thyroid disease in ruminants

A

poor wool/hair, dry skin, enlarged thyroid, tendon laxity, reproductive failure

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23
Q

Tx thyroid disease in ruminants

A

supplement iodine into diet

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24
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

pancreas does not produce enough insulin

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25
what is insulin used for
to help body use sugars, fats and proteins, without insulin sugar builds up in the blood and spills into urine
26
signalment for diabetes
middle aged to older cats and dogs
27
etiology of diabetes
overweight animals or animals with inflamed pancreas, glucocorticoids can lead to insufficient insulin production
28
clinical signs of diabetes
weight loss, cataracts, PU/PD, accidents in the house
29
Dx diabetes
serum chemistry elevated blood glucose
30
Tx diabetes
insulin therapy, diet change
31
uncomplicated diabetes
clinical signs of diabetes but not severely ill
32
diabetes with ketoacidosis
very ill with vomiting and depression
33
ketoacidosis Tx
IV fluids until vomiting stops
34
Tx for diabetes
insulin injection every 12 hours, dietary: high fiber, high protein
35
signs of low blood glucose
affects neurological function, disorientation, tremors, loss of appetite, lethargy, lack of coordination, weakness, seizures, discoloration of gums and skin
36
monitoring blood glucose
owners shown how to monitor urine glucose and sometimes BG, pets should have blood glucose curve every 2 weeks, fructosamine: reflection of blood glucose levels over 2-3 weeks
37
insulinoma
functional tumor involving B-cells of pancreas which causes an over secretion of insulin
38
clinical signs of insulinoma
severe hypoglycemia
39
Dx insulinoma
serum chemistry reveals low BG, Ultrasound shows pancreatic tumor
40
Tx insulinoma
correct hypoglycemia, high protein meals, glucocorticoids to antagonize insulin, diazoxide (inhibits insulin secretion), Sx
41
prognosis of insulinoma
poor
42
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
hypothalamus (corticotropin releasing hormone) ---> anterior pituitary (adrenocorticotropic hormone) ----> adrenal cortex ----> negative feedback
43
hypoadrenocorticism common name
addisons disease
44
what is addisons
deficiency in production of glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids
45
what are glucocorticoids
maintain normal blood glucose, by converting amino acids and fatty acids into glucose, maintains normal blood pressure by directing epinephrine to vasoconstricted areas, also has anti-inflammatory effect
46
what are mineralocorticoids
responsible for regulating levels of electrolytes in the body
47
signalment of addisons
middle aged dogs usually female
48
breeds predisposed for addisons
labs, poodles
49
clinical signs of addisons
vague, ADR, PU/PD, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia, hypotension, dehydration
50
Dx of addisons
serum chemistry, ACTH stimulation test
51
Tx of addisons
IV fluids, electrolyte therapy, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement, monitor electrolyte and clinical signs
52
hyperadrenocorticism common name
cushings disease
53
what is cushings
overproduction of hormone cortisol by adrenal glands
54
etiology of cushings
pituitary dependent (PDH): microadenoma 85-90% adrenal tumors (ADH) <15% iatrogenic
55
signalment for cushings
dogs over 20 kg: PDH dogs under 20 kg: ADH
56
clinical signs of cushings
PU/PD, bilateral flank alopecia, polyphagia, excessive panting, pendulous abdomen, calcinosis cutis, skin infections, lethargy
57
Dx cushings
CBC and serum chemistry, elevated urine cortisol, LDDS, ATCH stim test
58
Tx cushings
depends on etiology
59
causes of cushings; pituitary gland tumor
located at the base of the brain, 85-90% of cases, may be benign for malignant
60
causes of cushings; adrenal gland tumor
adenoma/carcinoma, may be benign or malignant
61
causes of cushings; iatrogenic
excessive cortisol from prolonged use of steroids
62
other signs of cushings
increased appetite, weight gain, PU/PD, excessive panting, bilateral flank alopecia, hepatomegaly, skin infections, diabetes
63
low dose dexamethasone suppression test
takes about 8 hours in hospital, when given dexamethasone, the pituitary gland perceives that as as steroid and will shut off the message to adrenal gland, there will be a drop in blood cortisol; if no drop occurs in 8 hours, a pituitary tumor is present
64
ACTH test
requires 2 hours at hospital, dose of ACTH given to patient,if a larger than normal spike of cortisol in 1-2 hours, you can diagnose cushings
65
urine cortisol; creatinine ratio
positive test does NOT mean cushings, but a negative test rules it out; urine is tested for cortisol levels
66
risks for not treating cushings
euthanasia, diabetes, thromboembolism, increased infections, systemic hypertension, glomerular nephropathy
67
signalment for equine cushings
older horses
68
pathology for equine cushings
hypertrophy of pituitary, increased dopamine and increase in ACTH which increases cortisol
69
clinical signs of equine cushings
shaggy coat, lethargy, sweating, recurrent laminitis, recurrent infections
70
Dx equine cushings
dexamethasone suppression test; clinical signs
71
Tx equine cushings
pergolide, treat other conditions
72
similar to equine cushings
EMS (equine metabolic syndrome)
73
what does the parathyroid gland do?
controls calcium in the body (bones and blood)
74
what does calcium do in our body?
controls many body systems
75
primary hyperparathyroidism
excess production of PTH which causes oversecretion of calcium
76
clinical signs of primary hyperparathyroidism
lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, urine calculi, PU/PD
77
Dx primary hyperparathyroidism
serum Ca++, excessive PTH
78
Tx primary hyperparathyroidism
Sx removal of gland, vitamin D and Ca
79
nutritional (secondary) hyperparathyroidism
problem with Ca:P balance in feed, animals grazing in pastures containing calcium oxalate pastures
80
signalment for nutritional (secondary) hyperparathyroidism
ruminants, animals receiving imbalanced feed
81
clinical signs nutritional (secondary) hyperparathyroidism
shifting leg lameness, loose teeth, spontaneous fractures, enlarged facial bones
82
Tx nutritional (secondary) hyperparathyroidism
correct mineral imbalance in feed
83
eclampsia
puerperal tetany, postpartum hypocalcemia, "milk fever"
84
predisposing factors of eclampsia
improper perinatal nutrition, heavy lactation, inappropriate calcium supplements
85
clinical signs of eclampsia
hyperthermia, salivation, muscle fasciculations, seizures
86
Dx eclampsia
serum Ca ++ <6.5 mg/dL
87
Tx eclampsia
slow IV infusion calcium gluconate, treat seizures
88
hypocalcemia in cattle

Disease and Pathology (16 decks)

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