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Disease and Pathology > Endocrine diseases > Flashcards

Endocrine diseases Flashcards

1
Q

glands of the endocrine system

A

thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and parathyroid

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2
Q

function of the endocrine system

A

produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, mood, etc

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3
Q

hypothyroidism

A

impaired production and secretion of thyroid hormone resulting in decreased metabolic rate

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4
Q

signalment for hypothyroidism

A

middle aged older dogs, breeds: golden, dobies, cockers

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5
Q

clinical signs of hypothyroidism

A

weight gain with no change in diet, PU/PD, “tragic expression”, lethargy, recurrent ear and skin infections, bilateral symmetric alopecia

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6
Q

Dx hypothyroidism

A

lab findings, elevated CHOL, decreased thyroid hormones, increased TSH

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7
Q

Tx hypothyroidism

A

lifelong thyroid hormones supplement

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8
Q

what do dogs look like with hypothyroidism

A

overweight, puffy face

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9
Q

equine hypothyroidism in foals

A

weakness, incoordination, signs of dysmaturity, enlarged gland

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10
Q

equine hypothyroidism in adults

A

exercise intolerance, lethargy, bradycardia, obesity, laminitis

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11
Q

Dx equine hypothyroidism

A

serum thyroid levels not routinely done

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12
Q

Tx equine hypothyroidism

A

thyroid hormone supplement

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13
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

the overproduction of thyroid hormone

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14
Q

causes of hyperthyroidism

A

adenoma (98%) and thyroid carcinoma (2%)

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15
Q

signalment of hyperthyroidism

A

middle aged to older cats

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16
Q

clinical signs of hyperthyroidism

A

weight loss, poor hair/coat, rapid heart rate, voracious appetite or thirst, anxiety or nervousness, diarrhea, vomiting, and vocalizing

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17
Q

Dx of hyperthyroidism

A

lump or mass on neck, elevated thyroid levels

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18
Q

Tx of hyperthyroidism

A

anti-thyroid medication, Sx, radioactive therapy

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19
Q

radioactive iodide

A

safe and effective treatment with cure rates of 95-98% while avoiding Sx, anesthesia, and thyroid drugs (can cause hypothyroidism)

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20
Q

thyroid disease in ruminants

A

enlargement of thyroid gland

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21
Q

cause of thyroid disease in ruminants

A

iodine deficiency

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22
Q

clinical signs of thyroid disease in ruminants

A

poor wool/hair, dry skin, enlarged thyroid, tendon laxity, reproductive failure

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23
Q

Tx thyroid disease in ruminants

A

supplement iodine into diet

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24
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

pancreas does not produce enough insulin

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25
Q

what is insulin used for

A

to help body use sugars, fats and proteins, without insulin sugar builds up in the blood and spills into urine

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26
Q

signalment for diabetes

A

middle aged to older cats and dogs

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27
Q

etiology of diabetes

A

overweight animals or animals with inflamed pancreas, glucocorticoids can lead to insufficient insulin production

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28
Q

clinical signs of diabetes

A

weight loss, cataracts, PU/PD, accidents in the house

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29
Q

Dx diabetes

A

serum chemistry elevated blood glucose

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30
Q

Tx diabetes

A

insulin therapy, diet change

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31
Q

uncomplicated diabetes

A

clinical signs of diabetes but not severely ill

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32
Q

diabetes with ketoacidosis

A

very ill with vomiting and depression

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33
Q

ketoacidosis Tx

A

IV fluids until vomiting stops

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34
Q

Tx for diabetes

A

insulin injection every 12 hours, dietary: high fiber, high protein

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35
Q

signs of low blood glucose

A

affects neurological function, disorientation, tremors, loss of appetite, lethargy, lack of coordination, weakness, seizures, discoloration of gums and skin

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36
Q

monitoring blood glucose

A

owners shown how to monitor urine glucose and sometimes BG, pets should have blood glucose curve every 2 weeks, fructosamine: reflection of blood glucose levels over 2-3 weeks

37
Q

insulinoma

A

functional tumor involving B-cells of pancreas which causes an over secretion of insulin

38
Q

clinical signs of insulinoma

A

severe hypoglycemia

39
Q

Dx insulinoma

A

serum chemistry reveals low BG, Ultrasound shows pancreatic tumor

40
Q

Tx insulinoma

A

correct hypoglycemia, high protein meals, glucocorticoids to antagonize insulin, diazoxide (inhibits insulin secretion), Sx

41
Q

prognosis of insulinoma

42
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

hypothalamus (corticotropin releasing hormone) —> anterior pituitary (adrenocorticotropic hormone) —-> adrenal cortex —-> negative feedback

43
Q

hypoadrenocorticism common name

A

addisons disease

44
Q

what is addisons

A

deficiency in production of glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids

45
Q

what are glucocorticoids

A

maintain normal blood glucose, by converting amino acids and fatty acids into glucose, maintains normal blood pressure by directing epinephrine to vasoconstricted areas, also has anti-inflammatory effect

46
Q

what are mineralocorticoids

A

responsible for regulating levels of electrolytes in the body

47
Q

signalment of addisons

A

middle aged dogs usually female

48
Q

breeds predisposed for addisons

A

labs, poodles

49
Q

clinical signs of addisons

A

vague, ADR, PU/PD, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia, hypotension, dehydration

50
Q

Dx of addisons

A

serum chemistry, ACTH stimulation test

51
Q

Tx of addisons

A

IV fluids, electrolyte therapy, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement, monitor electrolyte and clinical signs

52
Q

hyperadrenocorticism common name

A

cushings disease

53
Q

what is cushings

A

overproduction of hormone cortisol by adrenal glands

54
Q

etiology of cushings

A

pituitary dependent (PDH): microadenoma 85-90%
adrenal tumors (ADH) <15%
iatrogenic

55
Q

signalment for cushings

A

dogs over 20 kg: PDH
dogs under 20 kg: ADH

56
Q

clinical signs of cushings

A

PU/PD, bilateral flank alopecia, polyphagia, excessive panting, pendulous abdomen, calcinosis cutis, skin infections, lethargy

57
Q

Dx cushings

A

CBC and serum chemistry, elevated urine cortisol, LDDS, ATCH stim test

58
Q

Tx cushings

A

depends on etiology

59
Q

causes of cushings; pituitary gland tumor

A

located at the base of the brain, 85-90% of cases, may be benign for malignant

60
Q

causes of cushings; adrenal gland tumor

A

adenoma/carcinoma, may be benign or malignant

61
Q

causes of cushings; iatrogenic

A

excessive cortisol from prolonged use of steroids

62
Q

other signs of cushings

A

increased appetite, weight gain, PU/PD, excessive panting, bilateral flank alopecia, hepatomegaly, skin infections, diabetes

63
Q

low dose dexamethasone suppression test

A

takes about 8 hours in hospital, when given dexamethasone, the pituitary gland perceives that as as steroid and will shut off the message to adrenal gland, there will be a drop in blood cortisol; if no drop occurs in 8 hours, a pituitary tumor is present

64
Q

ACTH test

A

requires 2 hours at hospital, dose of ACTH given to patient,if a larger than normal spike of cortisol in 1-2 hours, you can diagnose cushings

65
Q

urine cortisol; creatinine ratio

A

positive test does NOT mean cushings, but a negative test rules it out; urine is tested for cortisol levels

66
Q

risks for not treating cushings

A

euthanasia, diabetes, thromboembolism, increased infections, systemic hypertension, glomerular nephropathy

67
Q

signalment for equine cushings

A

older horses

68
Q

pathology for equine cushings

A

hypertrophy of pituitary, increased dopamine and increase in ACTH which increases cortisol

69
Q

clinical signs of equine cushings

A

shaggy coat, lethargy, sweating, recurrent laminitis, recurrent infections

70
Q

Dx equine cushings

A

dexamethasone suppression test; clinical signs

71
Q

Tx equine cushings

A

pergolide, treat other conditions

72
Q

similar to equine cushings

A

EMS (equine metabolic syndrome)

73
Q

what does the parathyroid gland do?

A

controls calcium in the body (bones and blood)

74
Q

what does calcium do in our body?

A

controls many body systems

75
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

excess production of PTH which causes oversecretion of calcium

76
Q

clinical signs of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, urine calculi, PU/PD

77
Q

Dx primary hyperparathyroidism

A

serum Ca++, excessive PTH

78
Q

Tx primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Sx removal of gland, vitamin D and Ca

79
Q

nutritional (secondary) hyperparathyroidism

A

problem with Ca:P balance in feed, animals grazing in pastures containing calcium oxalate pastures

80
Q

signalment for nutritional (secondary) hyperparathyroidism

A

ruminants, animals receiving imbalanced feed

81
Q

clinical signs nutritional (secondary) hyperparathyroidism

A

shifting leg lameness, loose teeth, spontaneous fractures, enlarged facial bones

82
Q

Tx nutritional (secondary) hyperparathyroidism

A

correct mineral imbalance in feed

83
Q

eclampsia

A

puerperal tetany, postpartum hypocalcemia, “milk fever”

84
Q

predisposing factors of eclampsia

A

improper perinatal nutrition, heavy lactation, inappropriate calcium supplements

85
Q

clinical signs of eclampsia

A

hyperthermia, salivation, muscle fasciculations, seizures

86
Q

Dx eclampsia

A

serum Ca ++ <6.5 mg/dL

87
Q

Tx eclampsia

A

slow IV infusion calcium gluconate, treat seizures

88
Q

hypocalcemia in cattle

Disease and Pathology (16 decks)

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