Diseases of the nervous system

Question 1

2 branches of the nervous system

Answer 1

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS)

Question 2

2 branches of PNS

Answer 2

autonomic nervous system (heart muscle, smooth muscle, glands) and somatic nervous system (skeletal muscles)

Question 3

2 branches of autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic (fight or flight)

Question 4

parts of CNS

Answer 4

brain and spinal cord

Question 5

diseases of the brain

Answer 5

trauma, seizures, and neoplasia

Question 6

etiology of trauma

Answer 6

literally anything, very common in vet med

Question 7

clinical signs of trauma

Answer 7

aural, oral, oculonasal hemorrhaging, seizures, abnormal behavior, shock, cardiac arrhythmias, altered RR

Question 8

Dx trauma

Answer 8

clinical signs, Hx, CT, MRI

Question 9

Tx trauma

Answer 9

varies, supportive care, control seizures, monitor O2 levels, steroids

Question 10

Px trauma

Answer 10

varies on severity

Question 11

What does trauma do to the brain

Answer 11

increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

Question 12

the brain in encased in ____ and there is no room for ____

Answer 12

bone; swelling

Question 13

meds for seizures

Answer 13

diazepam, propofol, phenobarbital

Question 14

acute disorder of middle aged dogs and cats

Answer 14

idiopathic vestibular diseasec

Question 15

clinical signs of vestibular disease

Answer 15

loss of balance, nystagmus, disorientation, ataxia, vomiting, anorexia

Question 16

Dx vestibular disease

Answer 16

clinical signs, rule out inner ear infection, metabolic disorder, infectious or inflammatory response, neoplasia

Question 17

Tx for vestibular disease

Answer 17

Cerenia for motion sickness, supportive

Question 18

recurrent seizures with no demonstrated cause

Answer 18

Idiopathic seizures

Question 19

breed disposition for seizures

Answer 19

GSD, poodle, cocker spaniels, beagles, goldens, irish setters

Question 20

seizures begin around what age?

Answer 20

1-3 years

Question 21

clinical signs leading up to seizures

Answer 21

pre-ictal phase

Question 22

period after seizure where animal is still disoriented/obtunded

Answer 22

post-ictal phase

Question 23

cause of seizures

Answer 23

extracranial and intracranial

Question 24

Tx for seizures

Answer 24

try to find underlying cause and control the clinical signs

Question 25

Dx for seizures

Answer 25

CBC, UA, MRI

Question 26

seizures must be distinguished from____

Answer 26

syncope (falling asleep)

Question 27

seizure lasting for over 5 minutes

Answer 27

status epilepticus

Question 28

why are prolonged seizures a true emergency?

Answer 28

can lead to coma and death

Question 29

Tx for epilepticus

Answer 29

diazepam, phenobarbital IV, established airway, monitor, supportive care

Question 30

etiology of neoplasia

Answer 30

unknown

Question 31

signalment for neoplasia

Answer 31

older patients

Question 32

clinical signs for neoplasia

Answer 32

altered mentation, seizures, head tilt, vestibular disease, ataxia

Question 33

Dx for neoplasia

Answer 33

advanced imaging

Question 34

Tx for neoplasia

Answer 34

chemo is an option, mostly supportive

Question 35

disease of cartilage formation of middle aged chondrodystrophic animals

Answer 35

intervertebral disc disease (IDD)

Question 36

breed disposition of IDD

Answer 36

dachshund, bulldog, corgi, pug, french bulldog, basset hound, Pekinese, beagle, poodle

Question 37

what is IDD

Answer 37

herniation of intervertebral disc into spinal cord causing inflammation of the spinal cord

Question 38

clinical signs of IDD

Answer 38

acute pain, tense abdomen, hunched appearance, paresis or paralysis, proprioceptive deficit, +/- deep pain, +/- incontinence

Question 39

Dx IDD

Answer 39

Hx, clinical signs, imaging

Question 40

Tx of IDD

Answer 40

medically or surgically, nursing care

Question 41

IDD grade 5

Answer 41

normal

Question 42

IDD grade 4

Answer 42

cervical or thoracolumbar pain

Question 43

IDD grade 3

Answer 43

paresis, decreased proprioception, ambulatory

Question 44

IDD grade 2

Answer 44

severe paresis, absent proprioception, not ambulatory,

Question 45

IDD grade 1

Answer 45

paralysis, no bladder control

Question 46

IDD grade 0

Answer 46

paralysis, incontinence, no pain perception

Question 47

prognosis for IDD

Answer 47

grade 2,3, and 4 good prognosis grade 1 and 0 is not very good

Question 48

condition where dens is malformed or missing

Answer 48

Atlantoaxial subluxation (AA lux)

Question 49

wobblers disease

Answer 49

cervical spondylomyelopathy

Question 50

etiology of cervical spondylomyelopathy

Answer 50

malformation or misarticulation of caudal cervical vertebrae

Question 51

what is wobblers disease?

Answer 51

compression of spinal cord which causes a wobbly gait, neurological signs, and neck pain

Question 52

signalment for wobblers

Answer 52

large/giant dog breeds, horses 4-18 months

Question 53

clinical signs for wobblers

Answer 53

wobbly gait mostly in back end, 5% of wobblers cases are paralyzed in all 4 limbs

Question 54

Dx for wobblers

Answer 54

radiographs, MRI, myelogram in horses

Question 55

Tx for wobblers

Answer 55

medical management, limiting movement, Sx

Question 56

prognosis of wobblers

Answer 56

50% of dogs improve, 30% remain the same, and 20% worsen

Question 57

chronic, progressive disease of spinal cord and brainstem which results in paralysis and death

Answer 57

degenerative myelopathy

Question 58

etiology of degenerative myelopathy

Answer 58

degeneration of white matter in spinal cord, a gene is associated with this disease

Question 59

signalment for degenerative myelopathy

Answer 59

GSD and mixes

Question 60

clinical signs of degenerative myelopathy

Answer 60

hindlimb paresis, ataxia, muscle atrophy, non painful

Question 61

Dx of degenerative myelopathy

Answer 61

CSF tap

Question 62

Tx degenerative myelopathy

Answer 62

supportive

Question 63

etiology of discospondylitis

Answer 63

infectious agents become implanted into bones of vertebral column

Question 64

bacteria causing discospondylitis

Answer 64

Brucella canis, Staph, E. coli, Aspergillus

Question 65

clinical signs of discospondylitis

Answer 65

fever, depression, pain, neurologic sign

Question 66

Dx discospondylitis

Answer 66

rads, urine and blood cultures, B canis slide agglutination

Question 67

Tx discospondylitis

Answer 67

antibiotics

Question 68

etiology of fibrocartilaginous embolism

Answer 68

ischemia of spinal cord from obstructed veins and arteries

Question 69

clinical signs of fibrocartilaginous embolism

Answer 69

paresis or paralysis of limbs with no pain

Question 70

signalment of fibrocartilaginous embolism

Answer 70

large breeds 1-9 yo

Question 71

Dx fibrocartilaginous embolism

Answer 71

diagnosis of exclusion

Question 72

Tx fibrocartilaginous embolism

Answer 72

steroids, supportive care

Question 73

conductive deafness

Answer 73

secondary to severe otitis, rupture of tympanic membrane, damage to middle ear

Question 74

neural deafness

Answer 74

may be hereditary, congenital, secondary to drug toxicity

Question 75

clinical signs of deafness

Answer 75

no response to stimuli, sleeping

Question 76

Tx for deafness

Answer 76

none

Question 77

client education for deafness

Answer 77

special needs, specific training methods

Question 78

metabolic neuropathy

Answer 78

hyperthyroidism, Diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism

Question 79

Dx metabolic neuropathy

Answer 79

bloodwork

Question 80

Tx for metabolic neuropathy

Answer 80

correct underlying disease

Question 81

clinical signs of metabolic neuropathy

Answer 81

muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, paresis, paralysis

Question 82

lar par

Answer 82

laryngeal paralysis

Question 83

lar par can be

Answer 83

hereditary or acquired

Question 84

clinical signs of lar par

Answer 84

resp distress, +/- collapse or cyanosis

Question 85

Dx of lar par

Answer 85

endoscopy, exam

Question 86

Tx lar par

Answer 86

tie back Sx

Question 87

megaesophagus

Answer 87

esophagus becomes dilated

Question 88

etiology of megaesophagus

Answer 88

hereditary or acquired (Addisons, tick paralysis, distemper, lead poisoning)

Question 89

clinical signs of megaesophagus

Answer 89

regurgitation of undigested food, resp signs

Question 90

Dx of megaesophagus

Answer 90

rads

Question 91

Tx of megaesophagus

Answer 91

elevated food platform, small meals, manage aspiration pneumonia

Question 92

tick paralysis

Answer 92

you already know

Question 93

etiology of coonhound paralysis

Answer 93

thought to be from racoon saliva or bite

Question 94

clinical signs of coonhound paralysis

Answer 94

after racoon bite, weakness in back legs and eventually front legs

Question 95

Dx coonhound paralysis

Answer 95

Hx of racoon bites, rads

Question 96

Tx coonhound paralysis

Answer 96

supportive