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Disease and Pathology > Diseases of the nervous system > Flashcards

Diseases of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

2 branches of the nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS)

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2
Q

2 branches of PNS

A

autonomic nervous system (heart muscle, smooth muscle, glands) and somatic nervous system (skeletal muscles)

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3
Q

2 branches of autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic (fight or flight)

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4
Q

parts of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

diseases of the brain

A

trauma, seizures, and neoplasia

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6
Q

etiology of trauma

A

literally anything, very common in vet med

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7
Q

clinical signs of trauma

A

aural, oral, oculonasal hemorrhaging, seizures, abnormal behavior, shock, cardiac arrhythmias, altered RR

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8
Q

Dx trauma

A

clinical signs, Hx, CT, MRI

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9
Q

Tx trauma

A

varies, supportive care, control seizures, monitor O2 levels, steroids

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10
Q

Px trauma

A

varies on severity

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11
Q

What does trauma do to the brain

A

increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

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12
Q

the brain in encased in ____ and there is no room for ____

A

bone; swelling

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13
Q

meds for seizures

A

diazepam, propofol, phenobarbital

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14
Q

acute disorder of middle aged dogs and cats

A

idiopathic vestibular diseasec

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15
Q

clinical signs of vestibular disease

A

loss of balance, nystagmus, disorientation, ataxia, vomiting, anorexia

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16
Q

Dx vestibular disease

A

clinical signs, rule out inner ear infection, metabolic disorder, infectious or inflammatory response, neoplasia

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17
Q

Tx for vestibular disease

A

Cerenia for motion sickness, supportive

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18
Q

recurrent seizures with no demonstrated cause

A

Idiopathic seizures

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19
Q

breed disposition for seizures

A

GSD, poodle, cocker spaniels, beagles, goldens, irish setters

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20
Q

seizures begin around what age?

A

1-3 years

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21
Q

clinical signs leading up to seizures

A

pre-ictal phase

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22
Q

period after seizure where animal is still disoriented/obtunded

A

post-ictal phase

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23
Q

cause of seizures

A

extracranial and intracranial

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24
Q

Tx for seizures

A

try to find underlying cause and control the clinical signs

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25
Q

Dx for seizures

A

CBC, UA, MRI

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26
Q

seizures must be distinguished from____

A

syncope (falling asleep)

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27
Q

seizure lasting for over 5 minutes

A

status epilepticus

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28
Q

why are prolonged seizures a true emergency?

A

can lead to coma and death

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29
Q

Tx for epilepticus

A

diazepam, phenobarbital IV, established airway, monitor, supportive care

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30
Q

etiology of neoplasia

A

unknown

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31
Q

signalment for neoplasia

A

older patients

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32
Q

clinical signs for neoplasia

A

altered mentation, seizures, head tilt, vestibular disease, ataxia

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33
Q

Dx for neoplasia

A

advanced imaging

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34
Q

Tx for neoplasia

A

chemo is an option, mostly supportive

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35
Q

disease of cartilage formation of middle aged chondrodystrophic animals

A

intervertebral disc disease (IDD)

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36
Q

breed disposition of IDD

A

dachshund, bulldog, corgi, pug, french bulldog, basset hound, Pekinese, beagle, poodle

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37
Q

what is IDD

A

herniation of intervertebral disc into spinal cord causing inflammation of the spinal cord

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38
Q

clinical signs of IDD

A

acute pain, tense abdomen, hunched appearance, paresis or paralysis, proprioceptive deficit, +/- deep pain, +/- incontinence

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39
Q

Dx IDD

A

Hx, clinical signs, imaging

40
Q

Tx of IDD

A

medically or surgically, nursing care

41
Q

IDD grade 5

A

normal

42
Q

IDD grade 4

A

cervical or thoracolumbar pain

43
Q

IDD grade 3

A

paresis, decreased proprioception, ambulatory

44
Q

IDD grade 2

A

severe paresis, absent proprioception, not ambulatory,

45
Q

IDD grade 1

A

paralysis, no bladder control

46
Q

IDD grade 0

A

paralysis, incontinence, no pain perception

47
Q

prognosis for IDD

A

grade 2,3, and 4 good prognosis
grade 1 and 0 is not very good

48
Q

condition where dens is malformed or missing

A

Atlantoaxial subluxation (AA lux)

49
Q

wobblers disease

A

cervical spondylomyelopathy

50
Q

etiology of cervical spondylomyelopathy

A

malformation or misarticulation of caudal cervical vertebrae

51
Q

what is wobblers disease?

A

compression of spinal cord which causes a wobbly gait, neurological signs, and neck pain

52
Q

signalment for wobblers

A

large/giant dog breeds, horses 4-18 months

53
Q

clinical signs for wobblers

A

wobbly gait mostly in back end, 5% of wobblers cases are paralyzed in all 4 limbs

54
Q

Dx for wobblers

A

radiographs, MRI, myelogram in horses

55
Q

Tx for wobblers

A

medical management, limiting movement, Sx

56
Q

prognosis of wobblers

A

50% of dogs improve, 30% remain the same, and 20% worsen

57
Q

chronic, progressive disease of spinal cord and brainstem which results in paralysis and death

A

degenerative myelopathy

58
Q

etiology of degenerative myelopathy

A

degeneration of white matter in spinal cord, a gene is associated with this disease

59
Q

signalment for degenerative myelopathy

A

GSD and mixes

60
Q

clinical signs of degenerative myelopathy

A

hindlimb paresis, ataxia, muscle atrophy, non painful

61
Q

Dx of degenerative myelopathy

A

CSF tap

62
Q

Tx degenerative myelopathy

A

supportive

63
Q

etiology of discospondylitis

A

infectious agents become implanted into bones of vertebral column

64
Q

bacteria causing discospondylitis

A

Brucella canis, Staph, E. coli, Aspergillus

65
Q

clinical signs of discospondylitis

A

fever, depression, pain, neurologic sign

66
Q

Dx discospondylitis

A

rads, urine and blood cultures, B canis slide agglutination

67
Q

Tx discospondylitis

A

antibiotics

68
Q

etiology of fibrocartilaginous embolism

A

ischemia of spinal cord from obstructed veins and arteries

69
Q

clinical signs of fibrocartilaginous embolism

A

paresis or paralysis of limbs with no pain

70
Q

signalment of fibrocartilaginous embolism

A

large breeds 1-9 yo

71
Q

Dx fibrocartilaginous embolism

A

diagnosis of exclusion

72
Q

Tx fibrocartilaginous embolism

A

steroids, supportive care

73
Q

conductive deafness

A

secondary to severe otitis, rupture of tympanic membrane, damage to middle ear

74
Q

neural deafness

A

may be hereditary, congenital, secondary to drug toxicity

75
Q

clinical signs of deafness

A

no response to stimuli, sleeping

76
Q

Tx for deafness

A

none

77
Q

client education for deafness

A

special needs, specific training methods

78
Q

metabolic neuropathy

A

hyperthyroidism, Diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism

79
Q

Dx metabolic neuropathy

A

bloodwork

80
Q

Tx for metabolic neuropathy

A

correct underlying disease

81
Q

clinical signs of metabolic neuropathy

A

muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, paresis, paralysis

82
Q

lar par

A

laryngeal paralysis

83
Q

lar par can be

A

hereditary or acquired

84
Q

clinical signs of lar par

A

resp distress, +/- collapse or cyanosis

85
Q

Dx of lar par

A

endoscopy, exam

86
Q

Tx lar par

A

tie back Sx

87
Q

megaesophagus

A

esophagus becomes dilated

88
Q

etiology of megaesophagus

A

hereditary or acquired (Addisons, tick paralysis, distemper, lead poisoning)

89
Q

clinical signs of megaesophagus

A

regurgitation of undigested food, resp signs

90
Q

Dx of megaesophagus

A

rads

91
Q

Tx of megaesophagus

A

elevated food platform, small meals, manage aspiration pneumonia

92
Q

tick paralysis

A

you already know

93
Q

etiology of coonhound paralysis

A

thought to be from racoon saliva or bite

94
Q

clinical signs of coonhound paralysis

A

after racoon bite, weakness in back legs and eventually front legs

95
Q

Dx coonhound paralysis

A

Hx of racoon bites, rads

96
Q

Tx coonhound paralysis

A

supportive

Disease and Pathology (16 decks)

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