Cardiovascular Diseases Flashcards
heart failure
when blood returning to the heart cannot be pumped out to meet body’s needs
congestive heart failure
failing heart allows fluid and edema to buildup in the body
etiology of heart failure
cardiomyopathy
myocarditis
taurine deficiency in cats
circulatory failure
canine heartworm etiology
Dirofilaria immitis
vector for D. immitis
mosquitoes
pathology of canine heartworm
right-sided heart failure
clinical signs of heartworms
coughing, dyspnea, hemoptysis, ascites
Dx heartworm
positive antigen test
Tx heartworm
depends on stage
-immiticide therapy
-ivermectin or doxycycline
prevention of heartworm
heartworm prevention (pro-heart)
stage 1 of heartworms
typically no signs, dog may have slight cough, negative heartworm test
stage 2 of heartworms
moderate symptoms such as lingering cough or fatigue, may show on test
stage 3 of heartworms
continue to cough, fatigue, reluctant to exercise, dyspnea, may cough up blood
stage 4 of heartworms
very visible symptoms, abnormal lung sounds, enlarged liver and heart noises, extremely fatigued
feline heartworm disease
cats are an “imperfect” host for D. immitis
typical infection of heartworm in cats
1-2 adult worms causing significant damage
Dx feline heartworms
very difficult to Dx because of no microfilaria
prepatent period of D. immitis
6 months in dogs and 7-8 months in cats
chronic mitral valve insufficiency (degeneration)
most commonly encountered CVS disorder in dogs
signalment for CMVI
toy breeds, poodles, king charles, chihuahua
etiology of CMVI
age, periodontal disease may exacerbate
pathology of CMVI
degeneration of valves and regurgitation of blood into left atrium, can lead to heart failure
clinical signs of CMVI
coughing, dyspnea, systolic heart murmur over left apex
Dx of CMVI
rads, echocardiography, thickened leaking valve
Tx of CMVI
medical: diuretics, arteriole dilators to reduce vasodilation
dietary: sodium restriction
cardiac arrhythmias
NOT a murmur, deviation from normal rhythm of the heart
etiology of cardiac arrhythmias
ischemia, hypocalcemia, cardiomyopathy, hypercalcemia
clinical signs of cardiac arrhythmias
irregular hr, weakness, collapse, dyspnea, death
Dx cardiac arrhythmias
ECG, records electrical activity in the heart
P wave
initiation of depolarization in sinus node and subsequent atrial contraction
QRS complex
conductive and subsequential of depolarization of ventricles
ST segment
ventricles are isoelectric
T wave
represents repolarization of ventricles
depolarization
Na+ rushes into the cell and K+ rushes out
contraction
slow Ca+ channels open up and Ca+ enters cell
repolarization
re-establishment of Na+ and K+
atrial fibrillation (A-fib)
no organized atrial contraction
signalment of A-fib
large breeds, cats with underlying cardiac disease
clinical signs of A-fib
weakness, syncope, dyspnea, rapid irregular HR
Dx of A-fib
auscultation, ECG (lacks P wave)
TX A-fib
slowing HR, digoxin, calcium channel blockers
client education A-fib
Tx is not a cure, CHF is likely
ventricular tachycardia (v-tach)
fast, irregular HR in lower chambers of heart
etiology of v-tach
underlying heart disease, GDV
signalment for v-tach
boxers, GSD
pathology of v-tach
rapid rate decreases ventricular filling time and decreased cardiac output
clinical sign of v-tach
weakness, collapse, irregular HR, sudden death
Dx of v-tach
auscultation, ECG
Tx v-tach
procainamide, lidocaine, cardiac defibrillation
sinus arrhythmia
HR increases on inspiration and decreases on expiration
etiology of sinus arrhythmia
breathing and vagal tone
sinus bradycardia
HR <70, ECG normal but low
etiology of bradycardia
athletic dogs, hyperthyroidism, hyperkalemia, head trauma
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
aka boxer cardiomyopathy
etiology of boxer cardiomyopathy
genetic
clinical signs of boxer cardiomyopathy
sudden death, syncope, CHF
Dx of boxer cardiomyopathy
murmur or arrhythmia may be present
ECG: ventricular premature contractions
echocardiogram: ventricular dilation
Tx of boxer cardiomyopathy
mexiletine, pimobendan, ACE inhibitors
dilated cardiomyopathy
chambers of heart increase in size, heart wall stretched thin
etiology of canine cardiomyopathy
idiopathic, genetic, grain-free diet????
signalment of canine cardiomyopathy
dyspnea, coughing, exercise intolerance, collapse
Dx of canine cardiomyopathy
rads, US, ECG
Tx canine cardiomyopathy
cardiac drugs
PX canine cardiomyopathy
poor (6 mo -2 yrs)
etiology of feline dilated cardiomyopathy
taurine deficiency, genetic
Dx of feline dilated cardiomyopathy
dilated heart chambers on electrocardiogram
Tx feline dilated cardiomyopathy
oral taurine sups, cardiac drugs
Px feline dilated cardiomyopathy
if cat does not respond well to taurine sups, Px is poor
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
thickening of heart muscle resulting in poor relaxing and filling ability
as heart walls become thicker…
less blood can enter thus less blood can exit into the body
etiology of HCM
genetic
signalment of HCM
rare in dogs, but seen in rotties, dalmations, cockers, boston terriers, shi tzu
clinical signs of HCM
syncope, collapse, sudden death
Dx of HCM
ECG
Tx of HCM
not routinely done
most common cardiac disease in cats
HCM
etiology of HCM in cats
idiopathic
signalment HCM in cats
male> female (ragdolls, maine coons)
clinical signs of HCM in cats
murmur, gallop rhythm, hindlimb paralysis
Dx HCM in cats
rads reveal “valentine heart”
Tx HCM in cats
cardiac drugs (aspirin or heparin)
aortic or pulmonary thromboembolism (ATE)
aka “saddle thrombus” hindlimb paralysis and no pulse
clinical signs of ATE
dyspnea, pain and lameness in rear extremities, organ damage
Dx of ATE
clinical signs, visualize embolism, Hx
Tx of ATE
pain control, sedation, anti-thrombotic agents
ductus arteriosus
important blood vessel that ensures that blood does not go to the lungs as fetus develops in uterus and should close after birth to allow blood to travel to the lungs
pathology of patent ductus arteriosus
after birth ductus arteriosus stays open and causes backwards flow of blood into the heart
signalment for patent ductus arteriosus
females> males; chihuahuas, maltese, poodles, poms
clinical signs of patent ductus arteriosus
washing machine murmur
Tx patent ductus arteriosus
Sx correction before 2 years old
atrial septal defect (ASD)
congenital defect or hole in interatrial septum that enables blood flow between left and right atria
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
defect or hole in muscular wall of heart that separates right and left ventricles
pulmonic stenosis
dysplastic or malformed pulmonic valve resulting in narrowing of outflow tract from ventricle
signalment for pulmonic stenosis
bulldog, basset, chihuahua, newfies
subaortic stenosis
thickened tissue just below aortic valve which causes outflow obstruction
signalment for subaortic stenosis
large breeds, boxer, newfie, gsd, golden, bull terrier
tetralogy of fallot
four defects of the heart:
VSD, pulmonic stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy
etiology of tetralogy of fallot
genetics, keeshonds and bulldogs
Tx tetralogy of fallot
complex open heart Sx in children, for dogs it is considered highly fatal and not a viable TX
pathology of persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
defect during embryonic development
signalment for PRAA
gsd, danes, irish setter
clinical signs of PRAA
megaesophagus and regurgitation
Dx PRAA
rads with contrast
Tx PRAA
Sx repair
