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Disease and Pathology > Cardiovascular Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

heart failure

A

when blood returning to the heart cannot be pumped out to meet body’s needs

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2
Q

congestive heart failure

A

failing heart allows fluid and edema to buildup in the body

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3
Q

etiology of heart failure

A

cardiomyopathy
myocarditis
taurine deficiency in cats
circulatory failure

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4
Q

canine heartworm etiology

A

Dirofilaria immitis

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5
Q

vector for D. immitis

A

mosquitoes

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6
Q

pathology of canine heartworm

A

right-sided heart failure

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7
Q

clinical signs of heartworms

A

coughing, dyspnea, hemoptysis, ascites

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8
Q

Dx heartworm

A

positive antigen test

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9
Q

Tx heartworm

A

depends on stage
-immiticide therapy
-ivermectin or doxycycline

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10
Q

prevention of heartworm

A

heartworm prevention (pro-heart)

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11
Q

stage 1 of heartworms

A

typically no signs, dog may have slight cough, negative heartworm test

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12
Q

stage 2 of heartworms

A

moderate symptoms such as lingering cough or fatigue, may show on test

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13
Q

stage 3 of heartworms

A

continue to cough, fatigue, reluctant to exercise, dyspnea, may cough up blood

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14
Q

stage 4 of heartworms

A

very visible symptoms, abnormal lung sounds, enlarged liver and heart noises, extremely fatigued

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15
Q

feline heartworm disease

A

cats are an “imperfect” host for D. immitis

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16
Q

typical infection of heartworm in cats

A

1-2 adult worms causing significant damage

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17
Q

Dx feline heartworms

A

very difficult to Dx because of no microfilaria

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18
Q

prepatent period of D. immitis

A

6 months in dogs and 7-8 months in cats

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19
Q

chronic mitral valve insufficiency (degeneration)

A

most commonly encountered CVS disorder in dogs

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20
Q

signalment for CMVI

A

toy breeds, poodles, king charles, chihuahua

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21
Q

etiology of CMVI

A

age, periodontal disease may exacerbate

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22
Q

pathology of CMVI

A

degeneration of valves and regurgitation of blood into left atrium, can lead to heart failure

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23
Q

clinical signs of CMVI

A

coughing, dyspnea, systolic heart murmur over left apex

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24
Q

Dx of CMVI

A

rads, echocardiography, thickened leaking valve

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25
Q

Tx of CMVI

A

medical: diuretics, arteriole dilators to reduce vasodilation
dietary: sodium restriction

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26
Q

cardiac arrhythmias

A

NOT a murmur, deviation from normal rhythm of the heart

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27
Q

etiology of cardiac arrhythmias

A

ischemia, hypocalcemia, cardiomyopathy, hypercalcemia

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28
Q

clinical signs of cardiac arrhythmias

A

irregular hr, weakness, collapse, dyspnea, death

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29
Q

Dx cardiac arrhythmias

A

ECG, records electrical activity in the heart

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30
Q

P wave

A

initiation of depolarization in sinus node and subsequent atrial contraction

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31
Q

QRS complex

A

conductive and subsequential of depolarization of ventricles

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32
Q

ST segment

A

ventricles are isoelectric

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33
Q

T wave

A

represents repolarization of ventricles

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34
Q

depolarization

A

Na+ rushes into the cell and K+ rushes out

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35
Q

contraction

A

slow Ca+ channels open up and Ca+ enters cell

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36
Q

repolarization

A

re-establishment of Na+ and K+

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37
Q

atrial fibrillation (A-fib)

A

no organized atrial contraction

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38
Q

signalment of A-fib

A

large breeds, cats with underlying cardiac disease

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39
Q

clinical signs of A-fib

A

weakness, syncope, dyspnea, rapid irregular HR

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40
Q

Dx of A-fib

A

auscultation, ECG (lacks P wave)

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41
Q

TX A-fib

A

slowing HR, digoxin, calcium channel blockers

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42
Q

client education A-fib

A

Tx is not a cure, CHF is likely

43
Q

ventricular tachycardia (v-tach)

A

fast, irregular HR in lower chambers of heart

44
Q

etiology of v-tach

A

underlying heart disease, GDV

45
Q

signalment for v-tach

A

boxers, GSD

46
Q

pathology of v-tach

A

rapid rate decreases ventricular filling time and decreased cardiac output

47
Q

clinical sign of v-tach

A

weakness, collapse, irregular HR, sudden death

48
Q

Dx of v-tach

A

auscultation, ECG

49
Q

Tx v-tach

A

procainamide, lidocaine, cardiac defibrillation

50
Q

sinus arrhythmia

A

HR increases on inspiration and decreases on expiration

51
Q

etiology of sinus arrhythmia

A

breathing and vagal tone

52
Q

sinus bradycardia

A

HR <70, ECG normal but low

53
Q

etiology of bradycardia

A

athletic dogs, hyperthyroidism, hyperkalemia, head trauma

54
Q

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A

aka boxer cardiomyopathy

55
Q

etiology of boxer cardiomyopathy

A

genetic

56
Q

clinical signs of boxer cardiomyopathy

A

sudden death, syncope, CHF

57
Q

Dx of boxer cardiomyopathy

A

murmur or arrhythmia may be present
ECG: ventricular premature contractions
echocardiogram: ventricular dilation

58
Q

Tx of boxer cardiomyopathy

A

mexiletine, pimobendan, ACE inhibitors

59
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

chambers of heart increase in size, heart wall stretched thin

60
Q

etiology of canine cardiomyopathy

A

idiopathic, genetic, grain-free diet????

61
Q

signalment of canine cardiomyopathy

A

dyspnea, coughing, exercise intolerance, collapse

62
Q

Dx of canine cardiomyopathy

A

rads, US, ECG

63
Q

Tx canine cardiomyopathy

A

cardiac drugs

64
Q

PX canine cardiomyopathy

A

poor (6 mo -2 yrs)

65
Q

etiology of feline dilated cardiomyopathy

A

taurine deficiency, genetic

66
Q

Dx of feline dilated cardiomyopathy

A

dilated heart chambers on electrocardiogram

67
Q

Tx feline dilated cardiomyopathy

A

oral taurine sups, cardiac drugs

68
Q

Px feline dilated cardiomyopathy

A

if cat does not respond well to taurine sups, Px is poor

69
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

thickening of heart muscle resulting in poor relaxing and filling ability

70
Q

as heart walls become thicker…

A

less blood can enter thus less blood can exit into the body

71
Q

etiology of HCM

A

genetic

72
Q

signalment of HCM

A

rare in dogs, but seen in rotties, dalmations, cockers, boston terriers, shi tzu

73
Q

clinical signs of HCM

A

syncope, collapse, sudden death

74
Q

Dx of HCM

A

ECG

75
Q

Tx of HCM

A

not routinely done

76
Q

most common cardiac disease in cats

A

HCM

77
Q

etiology of HCM in cats

A

idiopathic

78
Q

signalment HCM in cats

A

male> female (ragdolls, maine coons)

79
Q

clinical signs of HCM in cats

A

murmur, gallop rhythm, hindlimb paralysis

80
Q

Dx HCM in cats

A

rads reveal “valentine heart”

81
Q

Tx HCM in cats

A

cardiac drugs (aspirin or heparin)

82
Q

aortic or pulmonary thromboembolism (ATE)

A

aka “saddle thrombus” hindlimb paralysis and no pulse

83
Q

clinical signs of ATE

A

dyspnea, pain and lameness in rear extremities, organ damage

84
Q

Dx of ATE

A

clinical signs, visualize embolism, Hx

85
Q

Tx of ATE

A

pain control, sedation, anti-thrombotic agents

86
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

important blood vessel that ensures that blood does not go to the lungs as fetus develops in uterus and should close after birth to allow blood to travel to the lungs

87
Q

pathology of patent ductus arteriosus

A

after birth ductus arteriosus stays open and causes backwards flow of blood into the heart

88
Q

signalment for patent ductus arteriosus

A

females> males; chihuahuas, maltese, poodles, poms

89
Q

clinical signs of patent ductus arteriosus

A

washing machine murmur

90
Q

Tx patent ductus arteriosus

A

Sx correction before 2 years old

91
Q

atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

congenital defect or hole in interatrial septum that enables blood flow between left and right atria

92
Q

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

defect or hole in muscular wall of heart that separates right and left ventricles

93
Q

pulmonic stenosis

A

dysplastic or malformed pulmonic valve resulting in narrowing of outflow tract from ventricle

94
Q

signalment for pulmonic stenosis

A

bulldog, basset, chihuahua, newfies

95
Q

subaortic stenosis

A

thickened tissue just below aortic valve which causes outflow obstruction

96
Q

signalment for subaortic stenosis

A

large breeds, boxer, newfie, gsd, golden, bull terrier

97
Q

tetralogy of fallot

A

four defects of the heart:
VSD, pulmonic stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy

98
Q

etiology of tetralogy of fallot

A

genetics, keeshonds and bulldogs

99
Q

Tx tetralogy of fallot

A

complex open heart Sx in children, for dogs it is considered highly fatal and not a viable TX

100
Q

pathology of persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

A

defect during embryonic development

101
Q

signalment for PRAA

A

gsd, danes, irish setter

102
Q

clinical signs of PRAA

A

megaesophagus and regurgitation

103
Q

Dx PRAA

A

rads with contrast

104
Q

Tx PRAA

A

Sx repair

Disease and Pathology (16 decks)

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