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Disease and Pathology > Cardiovascular Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

heart failure

A

when blood returning to the heart cannot be pumped out to meet body’s needs

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2
Q

congestive heart failure

A

failing heart allows fluid and edema to buildup in the body

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3
Q

etiology of heart failure

A

cardiomyopathy
myocarditis
taurine deficiency in cats
circulatory failure

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4
Q

canine heartworm etiology

A

Dirofilaria immitis

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5
Q

vector for D. immitis

A

mosquitoes

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6
Q

pathology of canine heartworm

A

right-sided heart failure

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7
Q

clinical signs of heartworms

A

coughing, dyspnea, hemoptysis, ascites

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8
Q

Dx heartworm

A

positive antigen test

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9
Q

Tx heartworm

A

depends on stage
-immiticide therapy
-ivermectin or doxycycline

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10
Q

prevention of heartworm

A

heartworm prevention (pro-heart)

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11
Q

stage 1 of heartworms

A

typically no signs, dog may have slight cough, negative heartworm test

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12
Q

stage 2 of heartworms

A

moderate symptoms such as lingering cough or fatigue, may show on test

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13
Q

stage 3 of heartworms

A

continue to cough, fatigue, reluctant to exercise, dyspnea, may cough up blood

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14
Q

stage 4 of heartworms

A

very visible symptoms, abnormal lung sounds, enlarged liver and heart noises, extremely fatigued

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15
Q

feline heartworm disease

A

cats are an “imperfect” host for D. immitis

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16
Q

typical infection of heartworm in cats

A

1-2 adult worms causing significant damage

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17
Q

Dx feline heartworms

A

very difficult to Dx because of no microfilaria

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18
Q

prepatent period of D. immitis

A

6 months in dogs and 7-8 months in cats

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19
Q

chronic mitral valve insufficiency (degeneration)

A

most commonly encountered CVS disorder in dogs

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20
Q

signalment for CMVI

A

toy breeds, poodles, king charles, chihuahua

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21
Q

etiology of CMVI

A

age, periodontal disease may exacerbate

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22
Q

pathology of CMVI

A

degeneration of valves and regurgitation of blood into left atrium, can lead to heart failure

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23
Q

clinical signs of CMVI

A

coughing, dyspnea, systolic heart murmur over left apex

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24
Q

Dx of CMVI

A

rads, echocardiography, thickened leaking valve

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25
Tx of CMVI
medical: diuretics, arteriole dilators to reduce vasodilation dietary: sodium restriction
26
cardiac arrhythmias
NOT a murmur, deviation from normal rhythm of the heart
27
etiology of cardiac arrhythmias
ischemia, hypocalcemia, cardiomyopathy, hypercalcemia
28
clinical signs of cardiac arrhythmias
irregular hr, weakness, collapse, dyspnea, death
29
Dx cardiac arrhythmias
ECG, records electrical activity in the heart
30
P wave
initiation of depolarization in sinus node and subsequent atrial contraction
31
QRS complex
conductive and subsequential of depolarization of ventricles
32
ST segment
ventricles are isoelectric
33
T wave
represents repolarization of ventricles
34
depolarization
Na+ rushes into the cell and K+ rushes out
35
contraction
slow Ca+ channels open up and Ca+ enters cell
36
repolarization
re-establishment of Na+ and K+
37
atrial fibrillation (A-fib)
no organized atrial contraction
38
signalment of A-fib
large breeds, cats with underlying cardiac disease
39
clinical signs of A-fib
weakness, syncope, dyspnea, rapid irregular HR
40
Dx of A-fib
auscultation, ECG (lacks P wave)
41
TX A-fib
slowing HR, digoxin, calcium channel blockers
42
client education A-fib
Tx is not a cure, CHF is likely
43
ventricular tachycardia (v-tach)
fast, irregular HR in lower chambers of heart
44
etiology of v-tach
underlying heart disease, GDV
45
signalment for v-tach
boxers, GSD
46
pathology of v-tach
rapid rate decreases ventricular filling time and decreased cardiac output
47
clinical sign of v-tach
weakness, collapse, irregular HR, sudden death
48
Dx of v-tach
auscultation, ECG
49
Tx v-tach
procainamide, lidocaine, cardiac defibrillation
50
sinus arrhythmia
HR increases on inspiration and decreases on expiration
51
etiology of sinus arrhythmia
breathing and vagal tone
52
sinus bradycardia
HR <70, ECG normal but low
53
etiology of bradycardia
athletic dogs, hyperthyroidism, hyperkalemia, head trauma
54
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
aka boxer cardiomyopathy
55
etiology of boxer cardiomyopathy
genetic
56
clinical signs of boxer cardiomyopathy
sudden death, syncope, CHF
57
Dx of boxer cardiomyopathy
murmur or arrhythmia may be present ECG: ventricular premature contractions echocardiogram: ventricular dilation
58
Tx of boxer cardiomyopathy
mexiletine, pimobendan, ACE inhibitors
59
dilated cardiomyopathy
chambers of heart increase in size, heart wall stretched thin
60
etiology of canine cardiomyopathy
idiopathic, genetic, grain-free diet????
61
signalment of canine cardiomyopathy
dyspnea, coughing, exercise intolerance, collapse
62
Dx of canine cardiomyopathy
rads, US, ECG
63
Tx canine cardiomyopathy
cardiac drugs
64
PX canine cardiomyopathy
poor (6 mo -2 yrs)
65
etiology of feline dilated cardiomyopathy
taurine deficiency, genetic
66
Dx of feline dilated cardiomyopathy
dilated heart chambers on electrocardiogram
67
Tx feline dilated cardiomyopathy
oral taurine sups, cardiac drugs
68
Px feline dilated cardiomyopathy
if cat does not respond well to taurine sups, Px is poor
69
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
thickening of heart muscle resulting in poor relaxing and filling ability
70
as heart walls become thicker...
less blood can enter thus less blood can exit into the body
71
etiology of HCM
genetic
72
signalment of HCM
rare in dogs, but seen in rotties, dalmations, cockers, boston terriers, shi tzu
73
clinical signs of HCM
syncope, collapse, sudden death
74
Dx of HCM
ECG
75
Tx of HCM
not routinely done
76
most common cardiac disease in cats
HCM
77
etiology of HCM in cats
idiopathic
78
signalment HCM in cats
male> female (ragdolls, maine coons)
79
clinical signs of HCM in cats
murmur, gallop rhythm, hindlimb paralysis
80
Dx HCM in cats
rads reveal "valentine heart"
81
Tx HCM in cats
cardiac drugs (aspirin or heparin)
82
aortic or pulmonary thromboembolism (ATE)
aka "saddle thrombus" hindlimb paralysis and no pulse
83
clinical signs of ATE
dyspnea, pain and lameness in rear extremities, organ damage
84
Dx of ATE
clinical signs, visualize embolism, Hx
85
Tx of ATE
pain control, sedation, anti-thrombotic agents
86
ductus arteriosus
important blood vessel that ensures that blood does not go to the lungs as fetus develops in uterus and should close after birth to allow blood to travel to the lungs
87
pathology of patent ductus arteriosus
after birth ductus arteriosus stays open and causes backwards flow of blood into the heart
88
signalment for patent ductus arteriosus
females> males; chihuahuas, maltese, poodles, poms
89
clinical signs of patent ductus arteriosus
washing machine murmur
90
Tx patent ductus arteriosus
Sx correction before 2 years old
91
atrial septal defect (ASD)
congenital defect or hole in interatrial septum that enables blood flow between left and right atria
92
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
defect or hole in muscular wall of heart that separates right and left ventricles
93
pulmonic stenosis
dysplastic or malformed pulmonic valve resulting in narrowing of outflow tract from ventricle
94
signalment for pulmonic stenosis
bulldog, basset, chihuahua, newfies
95
subaortic stenosis
thickened tissue just below aortic valve which causes outflow obstruction
96
signalment for subaortic stenosis
large breeds, boxer, newfie, gsd, golden, bull terrier
97
tetralogy of fallot
four defects of the heart: VSD, pulmonic stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy
98
etiology of tetralogy of fallot
genetics, keeshonds and bulldogs
99
Tx tetralogy of fallot
complex open heart Sx in children, for dogs it is considered highly fatal and not a viable TX
100
pathology of persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
defect during embryonic development
101
signalment for PRAA
gsd, danes, irish setter
102
clinical signs of PRAA
megaesophagus and regurgitation
103
Dx PRAA
rads with contrast
104
Tx PRAA
Sx repair

Disease and Pathology (16 decks)

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