Inflammation Flashcards
inflammation
to set on fire
goals of inflammation
eliminate initial cause of cell injury, remove necrotic cells and tissue, initiate repair process
components of inflammatory process
WBCs and plasma
four cardinal signs of inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, and pain (+/- loss of function)
result from increased amount of blood in affected tissue
redness and heat
congestion of tissue due to migration of fluid from vessels and exudation
swelling
pressure on nerve endings
Pain
little to no tissue destruction, slight vascular response, minimal exudation
mild inflammatory response
some tissue damage, visible host reaction
moderate inflammatory response
significant tissue damage, abundant exudation
severe inflammatory response
extravascular fluid with high protein content
exudate
extravascular fluid with low protein content
transudate
single area of inflammation
focal
many, scattered areas of inflammation
multifocal
all tissue within a particular zone is affected
locally extensive
involving entire organ or tissue
diffuse
acute inflammation
pathogen or wound, several days, repair, protective response, beneficial for host
chronic inflammation
persistence of stimulus, long-term infections, deleterious for host, long-term consequences
ex. of infections
bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic
ex. of tissue necrosis
ischemia, trauma, physical or chemical injury
ex. foreign bodies
splinters, dirt, sutures
increased blood flow to the tissue
vasodilation
chemical process which directs cells to leave the blood and enter tissue
chemotaxis
WBCs and RBCs will leave affected vessel in response to chemotaxis and enter tissue
emigration
process by which WBCs ingest dead cells, foreign particles, or bacteria
phagocytosis
the body controls its “actors” with the lymphatic system and with chemicals called
mediators
chemical mediators
histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin
potent vasodilator
prostaglandin
cytoplasm is loaded with granules containing mediators of inflammation
mast cells
mass containing pus
purulent
exudate low in protein, low in cells, no clotting factors
serous
exudate contains both serum and blood, thin and watery
serosanguinous
exudate cloudy yellow/green fluid containing leukocytes
purulent/suppurative
exudate containing protein fibrin and pus
fibrinopurulent
exudate contains many RBCs
hemorrhagic
exudate contains mucous
catarrhal
release of pyrogens which causes body temp to rise
fever
inflammatory process consumes more than what the body can manufacture
leukocytosis vs leukopenia
presence of bacteria in the blood stream
bacteremia
presence of bacteria and its toxins in the blood stream
septicemia
presence of toxins within the bloodstream (no bacteria)
toxemia
contraction and distortion of an organ
scarring
union of opposing bands of inflammatory tissue, 2 bands of tissue that are not normally joined together (may be thin like plastic wrap or thick)
adhesions
focal inflammatory lesion in which the tissue reaction primarily consists of chronic inflammatory cells
granulomatous inflammation
consists of necrotic core surrounded by zones of chronic inflammatory cells
granuloma
inflammatory phase
initial response to injury, 1-4 days post injury, redness, swelling, heat, and pain, platelet and and leukocyte aggravation, exudative
proliferative phase
day 4-42, increased rate of collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, granulation tissue, gain tensile strength
remodeling phase
6 wks-1 year, intermolecular cross-linking of collagen, increased tensile strength, scare flattens
tissue undergoes restructuring by cells that belong there
regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue by connective tissue
repair
vascular connective tissue (super red, fleshy tissue that forms when a wound is healing)
granulation tissue
aka primary wound healing, wound by approximation or wounds created and closed in operating room, clean fresh wounds, wound is treated by irrigation and debridement, treated within 24 hours following injury
healing by first intention
aka secondary wound healing, wound left open and allowed to close through epithelialization, no surgical intervention, slower healing
healing by second intention
aka tertiary wound healing, managing wounds that are heavily contaminated, not previously treated
healing by third intention
wound is superficial, not penetrating entire dermis, seen with first degree burns and abrasions, epithelialization, minimal collagen formation
partial thickness wounds
partial thickness dermal wounds
abrasions
wounds that penetrate the dermis and deeper tissue
lacerations
large section of skin torn from underlying tissue
degloving
a wound is considered infected when bacteria count is greater than…
100,000 organisms per gram of tissue
burns confined to the dermis, skin appears red
first degree
partial thickness dermal injury, discoloration and fluid filled blisters
second-degree burn
full thickness dermal injury, leathery and dark
third degree burn
beyond dermis and into deeper tissue, may require skin grafts
fourth degree burns
develop over bony prominences
decubitus ulcers
develop secondary to pressure necrosis of the skin (prolonged periods of bandaging)
pressure sores
4 Cs of wound care
cover, clip, clean, copiously lavage
bone healing stages
fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, remodeling
