Repro 6 Flashcards
What are the 2 main developmental defects of the uterus, what leads to and clinical significance
- Segmental aplasia
- “White heifer disease” in shorthorn cattle
- Infertile if bilateral or if common tract affected
○ Secondary hydrometra/mucometra - Paramesonephric duct fusion defects
- Bicornuate uterus - unfused uterine body
- Uterus didelphys - unfused cervix/vagina (2 times vagina/cervix)
○ Can still be fertile but generally have issues with natural birth
Hydrometra/mucometra what are they, what suggest and the 3 main causes
- Same process, qualitive difference (mucoid versus watery)
- Clinically insignificant but indicates underlying secretory/drainage problem
- Causes
1) Obstructive
§ Segmental aplasia
§ Imperforate hymen
§ Persistent cervical closure
□ Progesterone stimulation
2) Hypersecretion
§ Associated with development of cystic endometrial hyperplasia
§ Typically caused by oestrogen
□ Ruminants and pigs
3) Cloudburst - obstructive hydrometra/mucometra
§ Pseudopregnancy in goats
□ Progesterone causes prolonged cervical closure
□ Gradual accumulation of secretory material
Discharge when cervix opens with luteolysis - LARGE BURST OF FLUID
Serosal inclusion cysts where found and what are the 2 main causes
- Incidental cysts formed from peritoneal infolding and entrapment of mesothelium
- Occur with
○ Uterine involution
○ Perimetritis - inflammation around the uterus
Adenomyosis what is it, distinguish between and cause
- Non-neoplastic nests of endometrial glandular tissue within the myometrium
○ Often very difficult to distinguish from invasive carcinoma - Usually congenital malformation but may also form with endometrial hyperplasia
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia what caused by in bitches and other species
Bitches
○ Non-specific endometrial response to irritation while under the influence of progesterone
○ Promoted by prolonged dioestrus (long progesterone influence)
○ Oestrogen priming increases endometrial progesterone sensitivity
Other species
○ Occurs with hypoestrogenism - not progesterone
§ Granulosa cell tumour (not in horses)
§ Phytoestrogens/mycoestrogens
§ Cystic ovarian disease
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)
what does it look like grossly and clinical significance
- Grossly
○ Variably sized cysts protruding from uterine mucosa
○ Cysts are occluded endometrial glands that are filled with secretory material
§ Associated mural oedema common - CEH itself is typically not clinically significant BUT is associated with CEH-pyometra complex in bitches
CEH-pyometra complex in bitches what a combination of, what leads to, most common in and the main bacteria involved
○ Ascending bacteria cause endometrial irritation and induce CEH
○ CEH alters the uterine environment to favour persistent infection and pyometra
- Uterine lumen filled with pus
○ Red, friable, oedematous uterus
○ Risk of rupture with manipulation
- Usually older bitches (>6 YO)
- E.coli most common bacteria
○ Rarely stap, strep, other coliforms
○ Ascending infection with bacteria entering through open cervix during oestrus/pro-oestrus
○ Concurrent urinary tract infection common, typically some organism
CEH-pyometra complex in bitches list and describe the 3 main effects
1) Systemic illness ○ Toxaemia/septicaemia ○ Vomiting, lethargic, anorexic 2) Vaginal discharge if cervix open ○ No discharge if cervix closed, but more severe clinical signs and possible rupture - also harder to diagnose 3) Renal lesions ○ Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - reversible § Decreased ADH responsiveness § Prerenal azotaemia - dehydration § Polyuria/polydipsia ○ Glomerulopathy - may lead to immune mediated glomerulonephritis - can be permanent § Proteinuria
Uterine neoplasia what are the 3 main tumors and most common in
1) Adenocarcinoma - common in rabbits
2) mesenchymal tumours - common in bitches
3) lymphoma - common with enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle
Adenocarcinoma and mesenchymal tumours of the uterus what common in, types and character
- Adenocarcinoma
○ Rare in most species
○ Common in rabbits
§ 80% of rabbits > 5-6 years old
§ Invades uterine wall and seeds throughout peritoneum
§ Distant metastasis also common - Mesenchymal tumours
○ Usually benign
§ Leiomyoma (large masses generally have woven pattern)
□ Common in bitches
□ Growth often partially under hormonal influence
§ Fibroma
§ Leiomyofibroma
○ Problems with fertility and may lead to mucometra
What are 4 main causes of vaginitis/vulvitis
1) viral disease
2) canine juvenile vaginitis
3) granular vulvitis/granular venereal disease
4) rabbit syphilis
What are the 2 main viral diseases leading to vaginitis/vulvitis and what lead to
1) Contagious pustular vulvovaginitis § Bovine herpesvirus 1 2) Equine coital exanthema § Equine herpesvirus 3 ○ Cause self-limiting vesicles, ulcers and pustules - tend to resolve by themselves
Canine juvenile vaginitis, Granular vulvitis/granular venereal disease and Rabbit syphilis what caused by and results
Canine juvenile vaginitis
○ AKA puppy vaginitis
○ Vaginal discharge which resolved at maturity
Granular vulvitis/granular venereal disease
○ Non-specific response to vulval irritation in cattle
○ Pink/white papules representing lymphoid follicles
Rabbit syphilis
○ Treponema cuniculi
§ Exotic
§ Vesicles and crusting at mucocutaneous junctions
Vaginal hyperplasia what common in, what caused by and treatment
- Young bitches in oestrus
○ Excessive response to oestrogen
○ Mucosal hyperplasia + oedema - huge amounts - Ddx vaginal polyp, prolapse
May need to excise this tissue if causing large amount of discomfort
What are the 5 neoplasias of the vagina
- Fibropapilloma
- Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma (vagina)
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma (grey mares)
- Transmissible venereal tumour (bitches)
○ Contagious
Course of disease depends on immunocompetence of host
Fibropapilloma what caused by, species most common in, treatment and infectious
○ Caused by bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1)
○ Common in heifers, other sites often affected
○ Typically resolve spontaneously
○ Highly infectious
Reproductive toxins what are the 2 main, dervied from, where found and species most commonly affected
1) Phytoestrogens ○ Plant analogues of oestrogen ○ High concentrations in many legumes § Soy, clover, alfalfa § Sheep most sensitive, also cattle □ Clover disease 2) Mycoestrogens ○ Fungal analogues of oestrogen ○ Zearalenone produced by Fusarium spp. § Grows on poorly stored cereal crops (wheat, corn) § Pigs most commonly affected
List and describe the 5 main effects of reproductive toxins
1) Oedema and hyperplasia of the uterus (cystic), vagina and vulva
2) Vaginal prolapse
○ Swollen reproductive tract + relaxation of perineal musculature and softening of connective tissue by oestrogen
3) Impaired fertility
○ Due to:
§ Impaired sperm migration
§ Impairment of ovulation
○ Temporary effects if transient exposure
○ Permanent effects if exposed for >6months
4) Mammary hyperplasia and galactorrhoea
○ Due to secondary increased prolactin secretion
○ Affects males as well
5) Potential bone marrow suppression with high doses
What are the 5 main differentials of a small scrotum
- previous castration
- cryptorchidism
- agenesis or aplasia of scrotal contents (e.g. unilateral segmental aplasia of mesonephric duct derivatives such as the head and/or tail of the epididymis in bulls and rams)
- testicular/epididymal hypoplasia
- testicular/epididymal degeneration and atrophy
Cryptorchidism which species most commonly affected, where located, why smaller than descended and predisposition to
- dog, horse and pig
- may lie anywhere from immediately caudal to the kidney to the scrotum itself
- often intra-abdominal near the internal inguinal ring, in the inguinal canal, or subcutaneously just external to the external inguinal ring
- a higher than optimal temperature -> hypoplasia of the retained testis and epididymis, compounded by degeneration of the seminiferous tubules and testicular atrophy post-puberty
- prone to torsion and neoplastic change - (teratomas in horses; seminomas (inguinal) and Sertoli cell tumours (intra-abdominal) in dogs)
Besides cryptorchidism list 5 other causes of testicular hypoplasia
1) inherited (e.g. in rams, goats and Swedish Red and White cattle)
2) malnutrition
3) zinc deficiency,
4) cytogenetic abnormalities (e.g. tricolour, tortoiseshell or calico male cats; XXY Klinefelter’s syndrome;
5) endocrine abnormalities (reduced FSH or LH)
List 8 causes of testicular degeneration and atrophy and is it reversible
1) nutritional disorders - excess vit A
2) toxins - locoweeds
3) administered drugs - dexamethasone
4) endocrine disturbances - pituitary tumours
5) viral infections - canine distemper virus
6) high/low temperature
7) testicular trauma/ischaemia
8) advanced age
Some causes are reversible
List 8 differentials for a large scrotum
- testicular and/or epididymal inflammation
- • testicular neoplasia
- • peritoneal neoplasia
- • accumulation of oedema fluid, blood or inflammatory exudate in the tunica vaginalis
- • herniation of intra-abdominal contents into the tunica vaginalis
- • spermatic cord torsion (testicular torsion)
- • spermatic cord inflammation
- • enlargement of scrotal lymph nodes
Define hydrocoele and haemocoele and cause of each
hydrocoele = accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid in the scrotal vaginal cavity
- e.g. animals with moderate to severe ascites
haemocoele = accumulation of blood in the vaginal cavity of the scrotum
- most often due to scrotal trauma
What is periorchitis, what circumstances does it develope and what can be a permanent for consequence
periorchitis = inflammation of the vaginal cavity of the scrotum
- e.g. any animal with diffuse peritonitis
- reparative response to inflammation -> permanent fibrous adhesions between the visceral and parietal vaginal tunics
List 3 causes of enlargement of the superficial inguinal (scrotal) lymph nodes
1) lymphoma in any species
2) metastatic testicular tumours
3) caseous lymphadenitis in rams
What is a spermatic granuloma., which domestic animal species most often and where are spermatic granulomas most often located?
Results from congenital segmental aplasia of efferent ductules, leading to spermiostasis and immune reaction locally -> granuloma
- common in rams and bulls
- head of the epididymis most common
Infectious (bacterial) epididymitis which species most common, which bacteria most common and how reach epididymis
- rams
- most common agents are Brucella ovis and Actinobacillus seminis but other bacterial species such as Histophilus somni (H. ovis), Mannheimia haemolytica, Escherichia coli or Arcanobacterium pyogenes can be responsible
- bacteria may arrive haematogenously (e.g. B. ovis in rams; B. canis in dogs) or ascend from the lower urogenital tract and sites of infection in the accessory sex glands (e.g. A. seminis and H. somni in rams; E. coli in dogs)
What is orchitis, causes, how brucella reach testes and outcome of infection
= inflammation of the testis
CAUSES
- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - rams
• Brucella abortus and Mycobacterium bovis - bulls
• B. suis - boars
• feline infectious peritonitis virus - cats
• canine distemper virus - dogs
BRUCELLA
- primary haematogenous
- necrotisings orchitis -> painful and often leads to permanent infertility
What are the 3 primary testicular tumours commonly seen in dogs and gross characteristic of each
1) Intestitial cell (leydig cell) tumour -> being typically well-demarcated and tan-brown, often with multiple tiny foci of haemorrhage
2) Seminoma -> being typically soft, homogeneous, white to pink-grey masses, with a bulging cut surface from which a milky film can be squeezed
3) Sertoli cell tumour -> usually a well-circumscribed, firm, white tumour criss-crossed by bands of fibrous tissue
What is the potential consequence of functional sertoli cell tumours in a dog
feminisation syndrome
○ some functional Sertoli cell tumours produce oestrogen
○ many produce inhibin -> inhibition of hypothalamic GnRH release -> inhibition of pituitary release of LH and FSH -> altered balance between testicular testosterone and oestrogen production
○ may lead to testicular degeneration and atrophy, penile atrophy with a pendulous prepuce, hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the prostate, bilaterally symmetrical alopecia and hyperpigmentation of skin, and/or gynecomastia
What is a varicoele, which species common in and consequences
varicocoele = dilation and tortuosity of venous channels of the pampiniform plexus
- most common in older rams, often as a bilateral condition
LARGER
- invariably contain occlusive thrombi, impair testicular thermoregulation and thromosis
SMALL
- incidental
what promotes torsion of the spermatic cord and possible consequences
- torsion of the spermatic cord (= testicular torsion) -> venous infarction of the testis and epididymis
- occurs sporadically in stallions (-> colic) and in cryptorchid animals (especially if the retained testis has undergone neoplastic transformation)
When does infection of the spermatic cord develop and what terms are often used to describe the inflammed spermatic cord
• funisitis (funiculitis) = inflammation of the spermatic cord
- may occur after bacterial contamination of open castration wounds
What causes benign prostatic hyperplasia, which type of dog most common, clinical signs and treatment
- spontaneous
- Entire male dog with age
Clinical signs - enlarged prostate pressure on rectum -> constipation
- stenosis of prostatic urethra -> urine retention and dysuria
Treatment - castration is curative
What causes prostatitis in dogs and how does it reach the prostate
- caused by the ascent of bacteria such as E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, streptococci or staphylococci from the distal urethra
- dogs infected with Brucella canis, with the agent capable of persisting in the gland
what conditions can lead to cyst development in the prostate of dog, and define paraprostatic cyst and cystic uterus masculinus
- sporadically, hyperplastic, metaplastic, inflamed or neoplastic prostate glands
- paraprostatic cysts lie outside the capsule of the prostate
- one form of paraprostatic cyst is a cystic uterus masculinus, derived from vestiges of the paramesonephric duct
What species is a prostatic neoplasia likely to be seen in at what age, what is the prognosis
- usually older dogs (> 10 years of age)
- poor prognosis, due to the frequency of peritoneal implantation and metastasis to regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs +/- lumbosacral vertebrae, pelvic and other bones, often by the time of diagnosis
Which domestic animal species often develop infection of the seminal vesicles and/or ampullae, what agents are likely to be responsible and how do they reach these accessory sex glands
- seen in ruminants
- an be caused by such agents as Brucella abortus, B. ovis, A. seminis and H. somni
- may precede the onset of epididymitis in ascending infections or develop as infection passes down the deferent duct from an inflamed epididymis
What are the terms used for inflammation of the accessory glands
- ampullitis = inflammation of the ampullae
- vesicular adenitis (seminal vesiculitis) = inflammation of the seminal vesicles
- bulbourethral adenitis = inflammation of the bulbourethral glands
What happens to the bulbourethral glands of wethers ingesting oestrogenic pastures and what are
examples of plants that contain phyto-oestrogens
- massive hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the bulbourethral gland ( prominent perineal swelling) can occur in wethers grazing oestrogenic pastures (e.g. Trifolium pratense, T. repens, T. subterraneum)
Define phimosis, paraphimosis and priapism
- phimosis = inability to extrude the penis
- paraphimosis = inability to retract the penis into the prepuce
- priapism = a persistent erection
what is a persistent frenulum, , which domestic animal species are affected and what is the effect on the penile function
persistent frenulum = a band of tissue linking the ventral raphe of the penis to the preputial mucosa
- the frenulum normally ruptures at puberty
- persistence is particularly common in bulls and boars
- can limit extension of the penis out of the prepuce and cause directional deviation of the erect penis
what condition is common in bulls as a result of trauma or forced deviation of erect penis
significant haemorrhage, especially in bulls in which the condition is referred to as penile haematoma, penile deviation or broken penis
Define phallitis, balanitis, posthitis, balanoposthitis and phaloposthitis
- phallitis = inflammation of the penis
- balanitis = inflammation of the glans penis
- posthitis = inflammation of the prepuce
- balanoposthitis or phaloposthitis = inflammation of both the penis and prepuce
which parasite commonly infects penile/prepuital wounds in horses
- in horses, infected flies may deposit larvae of Habronema muscae or Draschia megastoma on penile/preputial wounds in the summer (cutaneous habronemiasis)
○ the resulting ulcerated, exophytic mass grossly resembles proud flesh or a sarcoid (see below), but is composed of granulation and scar tissue, tracts of intense eosinophilic inflammation, and few or many parasite larvae
○ lesions may only involve the penis or urethral opening or extend to involve the prepuce
Name 5 tumours of the penis and which spantaneously regressive with T cell response
1) Transmissible veneral tumor
2) squamous papilloma
3) fribropapilloma
4) sarcoid
5) squamous cell carcinoma
