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DVM 2 - 2 > Repro 6 > Flashcards

Repro 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main developmental defects of the uterus, what leads to and clinical significance

A
  1. Segmental aplasia
    - “White heifer disease” in shorthorn cattle
    - Infertile if bilateral or if common tract affected
    ○ Secondary hydrometra/mucometra
  2. Paramesonephric duct fusion defects
    - Bicornuate uterus - unfused uterine body
    - Uterus didelphys - unfused cervix/vagina (2 times vagina/cervix)
    ○ Can still be fertile but generally have issues with natural birth
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2
Q

Hydrometra/mucometra what are they, what suggest and the 3 main causes

A
  • Same process, qualitive difference (mucoid versus watery)
  • Clinically insignificant but indicates underlying secretory/drainage problem
  • Causes
    1) Obstructive
    § Segmental aplasia
    § Imperforate hymen
    § Persistent cervical closure
    □ Progesterone stimulation
    2) Hypersecretion
    § Associated with development of cystic endometrial hyperplasia
    § Typically caused by oestrogen
    □ Ruminants and pigs
    3) Cloudburst - obstructive hydrometra/mucometra
    § Pseudopregnancy in goats
    □ Progesterone causes prolonged cervical closure
    □ Gradual accumulation of secretory material
    Discharge when cervix opens with luteolysis - LARGE BURST OF FLUID
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3
Q

Serosal inclusion cysts where found and what are the 2 main causes

A
  • Incidental cysts formed from peritoneal infolding and entrapment of mesothelium
  • Occur with
    ○ Uterine involution
    ○ Perimetritis - inflammation around the uterus
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4
Q

Adenomyosis what is it, distinguish between and cause

A
  • Non-neoplastic nests of endometrial glandular tissue within the myometrium
    ○ Often very difficult to distinguish from invasive carcinoma
  • Usually congenital malformation but may also form with endometrial hyperplasia
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5
Q

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia what caused by in bitches and other species

A

Bitches
○ Non-specific endometrial response to irritation while under the influence of progesterone
○ Promoted by prolonged dioestrus (long progesterone influence)
○ Oestrogen priming increases endometrial progesterone sensitivity
Other species
○ Occurs with hypoestrogenism - not progesterone
§ Granulosa cell tumour (not in horses)
§ Phytoestrogens/mycoestrogens
§ Cystic ovarian disease

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6
Q

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)

what does it look like grossly and clinical significance

A
  • Grossly
    ○ Variably sized cysts protruding from uterine mucosa
    ○ Cysts are occluded endometrial glands that are filled with secretory material
    § Associated mural oedema common
  • CEH itself is typically not clinically significant BUT is associated with CEH-pyometra complex in bitches
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7
Q

CEH-pyometra complex in bitches what a combination of, what leads to, most common in and the main bacteria involved

A

○ Ascending bacteria cause endometrial irritation and induce CEH
○ CEH alters the uterine environment to favour persistent infection and pyometra
- Uterine lumen filled with pus
○ Red, friable, oedematous uterus
○ Risk of rupture with manipulation
- Usually older bitches (>6 YO)
- E.coli most common bacteria
○ Rarely stap, strep, other coliforms
○ Ascending infection with bacteria entering through open cervix during oestrus/pro-oestrus
○ Concurrent urinary tract infection common, typically some organism

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8
Q

CEH-pyometra complex in bitches list and describe the 3 main effects

A 
1) Systemic illness 
○ Toxaemia/septicaemia 
○ Vomiting, lethargic, anorexic 
2) Vaginal discharge if cervix open
○ No discharge if cervix closed, but more severe clinical signs and possible rupture - also harder to diagnose 
3) Renal lesions 
○ Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - reversible 
§ Decreased ADH responsiveness 
§ Prerenal azotaemia - dehydration 
§ Polyuria/polydipsia 
○ Glomerulopathy - may lead to immune mediated glomerulonephritis - can be permanent 
§ Proteinuria
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9
Q

Uterine neoplasia what are the 3 main tumors and most common in

A

1) Adenocarcinoma - common in rabbits
2) mesenchymal tumours - common in bitches
3) lymphoma - common with enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle

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10
Q

Adenocarcinoma and mesenchymal tumours of the uterus what common in, types and character

A
  1. Adenocarcinoma
    ○ Rare in most species
    ○ Common in rabbits
    § 80% of rabbits > 5-6 years old
    § Invades uterine wall and seeds throughout peritoneum
    § Distant metastasis also common
  2. Mesenchymal tumours
    ○ Usually benign
    § Leiomyoma (large masses generally have woven pattern)
    □ Common in bitches
    □ Growth often partially under hormonal influence
    § Fibroma
    § Leiomyofibroma
    ○ Problems with fertility and may lead to mucometra
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11
Q

What are 4 main causes of vaginitis/vulvitis

A

1) viral disease
2) canine juvenile vaginitis
3) granular vulvitis/granular venereal disease
4) rabbit syphilis

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12
Q

What are the 2 main viral diseases leading to vaginitis/vulvitis and what lead to

A 
1) Contagious pustular vulvovaginitis 
§ Bovine herpesvirus 1
2) Equine coital exanthema 
§ Equine herpesvirus 3
○ Cause self-limiting vesicles, ulcers and pustules - tend to resolve by themselves
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13
Q

Canine juvenile vaginitis, Granular vulvitis/granular venereal disease and Rabbit syphilis what caused by and results

A

Canine juvenile vaginitis
○ AKA puppy vaginitis
○ Vaginal discharge which resolved at maturity
Granular vulvitis/granular venereal disease
○ Non-specific response to vulval irritation in cattle
○ Pink/white papules representing lymphoid follicles
Rabbit syphilis
○ Treponema cuniculi
§ Exotic
§ Vesicles and crusting at mucocutaneous junctions

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14
Q

Vaginal hyperplasia what common in, what caused by and treatment

A
  • Young bitches in oestrus
    ○ Excessive response to oestrogen
    ○ Mucosal hyperplasia + oedema - huge amounts
  • Ddx vaginal polyp, prolapse
    May need to excise this tissue if causing large amount of discomfort
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15
Q

What are the 5 neoplasias of the vagina

A
  1. Fibropapilloma
  2. Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma (vagina)
  3. Squamous cell carcinoma
  4. Melanoma (grey mares)
  5. Transmissible venereal tumour (bitches)
    ○ Contagious
    Course of disease depends on immunocompetence of host
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16
Q

Fibropapilloma what caused by, species most common in, treatment and infectious

A

○ Caused by bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1)
○ Common in heifers, other sites often affected
○ Typically resolve spontaneously
○ Highly infectious

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17
Q

Reproductive toxins what are the 2 main, dervied from, where found and species most commonly affected

A 
1) Phytoestrogens 
○ Plant analogues of oestrogen 
○ High concentrations in many legumes 
§ Soy, clover, alfalfa 
§ Sheep most sensitive, also cattle
□ Clover disease 
2) Mycoestrogens 
○ Fungal analogues of oestrogen 
○ Zearalenone produced by Fusarium spp.
§ Grows on poorly stored cereal crops (wheat, corn)
§ Pigs most commonly affected
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18
Q

List and describe the 5 main effects of reproductive toxins

A

1) Oedema and hyperplasia of the uterus (cystic), vagina and vulva
2) Vaginal prolapse
○ Swollen reproductive tract + relaxation of perineal musculature and softening of connective tissue by oestrogen
3) Impaired fertility
○ Due to:
§ Impaired sperm migration
§ Impairment of ovulation
○ Temporary effects if transient exposure
○ Permanent effects if exposed for >6months
4) Mammary hyperplasia and galactorrhoea
○ Due to secondary increased prolactin secretion
○ Affects males as well
5) Potential bone marrow suppression with high doses

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19
Q

What are the 5 main differentials of a small scrotum

A
  1. previous castration
  2. cryptorchidism
  3. agenesis or aplasia of scrotal contents (e.g. unilateral segmental aplasia of mesonephric duct derivatives such as the head and/or tail of the epididymis in bulls and rams)
  4. testicular/epididymal hypoplasia
  5. testicular/epididymal degeneration and atrophy
20
Q

Cryptorchidism which species most commonly affected, where located, why smaller than descended and predisposition to

A
  • dog, horse and pig
  • may lie anywhere from immediately caudal to the kidney to the scrotum itself
  • often intra-abdominal near the internal inguinal ring, in the inguinal canal, or subcutaneously just external to the external inguinal ring
  • a higher than optimal temperature -> hypoplasia of the retained testis and epididymis, compounded by degeneration of the seminiferous tubules and testicular atrophy post-puberty
  • prone to torsion and neoplastic change - (teratomas in horses; seminomas (inguinal) and Sertoli cell tumours (intra-abdominal) in dogs)
21
Q

Besides cryptorchidism list 5 other causes of testicular hypoplasia

A

1) inherited (e.g. in rams, goats and Swedish Red and White cattle)
2) malnutrition
3) zinc deficiency,
4) cytogenetic abnormalities (e.g. tricolour, tortoiseshell or calico male cats; XXY Klinefelter’s syndrome;
5) endocrine abnormalities (reduced FSH or LH)

22
Q

List 8 causes of testicular degeneration and atrophy and is it reversible

A

1) nutritional disorders - excess vit A
2) toxins - locoweeds
3) administered drugs - dexamethasone
4) endocrine disturbances - pituitary tumours
5) viral infections - canine distemper virus
6) high/low temperature
7) testicular trauma/ischaemia
8) advanced age
Some causes are reversible

23
Q

List 8 differentials for a large scrotum

A
  1. testicular and/or epididymal inflammation
  2. • testicular neoplasia
  3. • peritoneal neoplasia
  4. • accumulation of oedema fluid, blood or inflammatory exudate in the tunica vaginalis
  5. • herniation of intra-abdominal contents into the tunica vaginalis
  6. • spermatic cord torsion (testicular torsion)
  7. • spermatic cord inflammation
  8. • enlargement of scrotal lymph nodes
24
Q

Define hydrocoele and haemocoele and cause of each

A

hydrocoele = accumulation of non-inflammatory oedema fluid in the scrotal vaginal cavity
- e.g. animals with moderate to severe ascites
haemocoele = accumulation of blood in the vaginal cavity of the scrotum
- most often due to scrotal trauma

25
Q

What is periorchitis, what circumstances does it develope and what can be a permanent for consequence

A

periorchitis = inflammation of the vaginal cavity of the scrotum

  • e.g. any animal with diffuse peritonitis
  • reparative response to inflammation -> permanent fibrous adhesions between the visceral and parietal vaginal tunics
26
Q

List 3 causes of enlargement of the superficial inguinal (scrotal) lymph nodes

A

1) lymphoma in any species
2) metastatic testicular tumours
3) caseous lymphadenitis in rams

27
Q

What is a spermatic granuloma., which domestic animal species most often and where are spermatic granulomas most often located?

A

Results from congenital segmental aplasia of efferent ductules, leading to spermiostasis and immune reaction locally -> granuloma

  • common in rams and bulls
  • head of the epididymis most common
28
Q

Infectious (bacterial) epididymitis which species most common, which bacteria most common and how reach epididymis

A
  • rams
  • most common agents are Brucella ovis and Actinobacillus seminis but other bacterial species such as Histophilus somni (H. ovis), Mannheimia haemolytica, Escherichia coli or Arcanobacterium pyogenes can be responsible
  • bacteria may arrive haematogenously (e.g. B. ovis in rams; B. canis in dogs) or ascend from the lower urogenital tract and sites of infection in the accessory sex glands (e.g. A. seminis and H. somni in rams; E. coli in dogs)
29
Q

What is orchitis, causes, how brucella reach testes and outcome of infection

A

= inflammation of the testis
CAUSES
- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - rams
• Brucella abortus and Mycobacterium bovis - bulls
• B. suis - boars
• feline infectious peritonitis virus - cats
• canine distemper virus - dogs
BRUCELLA
- primary haematogenous
- necrotisings orchitis -> painful and often leads to permanent infertility

30
Q

What are the 3 primary testicular tumours commonly seen in dogs and gross characteristic of each

A

1) Intestitial cell (leydig cell) tumour -> being typically well-demarcated and tan-brown, often with multiple tiny foci of haemorrhage
2) Seminoma -> being typically soft, homogeneous, white to pink-grey masses, with a bulging cut surface from which a milky film can be squeezed
3) Sertoli cell tumour -> usually a well-circumscribed, firm, white tumour criss-crossed by bands of fibrous tissue

31
Q

What is the potential consequence of functional sertoli cell tumours in a dog

A

feminisation syndrome
○ some functional Sertoli cell tumours produce oestrogen
○ many produce inhibin -> inhibition of hypothalamic GnRH release -> inhibition of pituitary release of LH and FSH -> altered balance between testicular testosterone and oestrogen production
○ may lead to testicular degeneration and atrophy, penile atrophy with a pendulous prepuce, hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the prostate, bilaterally symmetrical alopecia and hyperpigmentation of skin, and/or gynecomastia

32
Q

What is a varicoele, which species common in and consequences

A

varicocoele = dilation and tortuosity of venous channels of the pampiniform plexus
- most common in older rams, often as a bilateral condition
LARGER
- invariably contain occlusive thrombi, impair testicular thermoregulation and thromosis
SMALL
- incidental

33
Q

what promotes torsion of the spermatic cord and possible consequences

A
  • torsion of the spermatic cord (= testicular torsion) -> venous infarction of the testis and epididymis
  • occurs sporadically in stallions (-> colic) and in cryptorchid animals (especially if the retained testis has undergone neoplastic transformation)
34
Q

When does infection of the spermatic cord develop and what terms are often used to describe the inflammed spermatic cord

A

• funisitis (funiculitis) = inflammation of the spermatic cord
- may occur after bacterial contamination of open castration wounds

35
Q

What causes benign prostatic hyperplasia, which type of dog most common, clinical signs and treatment

A
  • spontaneous
  • Entire male dog with age
    Clinical signs
  • enlarged prostate pressure on rectum -> constipation
  • stenosis of prostatic urethra -> urine retention and dysuria
    Treatment - castration is curative
36
Q

What causes prostatitis in dogs and how does it reach the prostate

A
  • caused by the ascent of bacteria such as E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, streptococci or staphylococci from the distal urethra
  • dogs infected with Brucella canis, with the agent capable of persisting in the gland
37
Q

what conditions can lead to cyst development in the prostate of dog, and define paraprostatic cyst and cystic uterus masculinus

A
  • sporadically, hyperplastic, metaplastic, inflamed or neoplastic prostate glands
  • paraprostatic cysts lie outside the capsule of the prostate
  • one form of paraprostatic cyst is a cystic uterus masculinus, derived from vestiges of the paramesonephric duct
38
Q

What species is a prostatic neoplasia likely to be seen in at what age, what is the prognosis

A
  • usually older dogs (> 10 years of age)
  • poor prognosis, due to the frequency of peritoneal implantation and metastasis to regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs +/- lumbosacral vertebrae, pelvic and other bones, often by the time of diagnosis
39
Q

Which domestic animal species often develop infection of the seminal vesicles and/or ampullae, what agents are likely to be responsible and how do they reach these accessory sex glands

A
  • seen in ruminants
  • an be caused by such agents as Brucella abortus, B. ovis, A. seminis and H. somni
  • may precede the onset of epididymitis in ascending infections or develop as infection passes down the deferent duct from an inflamed epididymis
40
Q

What are the terms used for inflammation of the accessory glands

A
  • ampullitis = inflammation of the ampullae
  • vesicular adenitis (seminal vesiculitis) = inflammation of the seminal vesicles
  • bulbourethral adenitis = inflammation of the bulbourethral glands
41
Q

What happens to the bulbourethral glands of wethers ingesting oestrogenic pastures and what are
examples of plants that contain phyto-oestrogens

A
  • massive hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the bulbourethral gland ( prominent perineal swelling) can occur in wethers grazing oestrogenic pastures (e.g. Trifolium pratense, T. repens, T. subterraneum)
42
Q

Define phimosis, paraphimosis and priapism

A
  • phimosis = inability to extrude the penis
  • paraphimosis = inability to retract the penis into the prepuce
  • priapism = a persistent erection
43
Q

what is a persistent frenulum, , which domestic animal species are affected and what is the effect on the penile function

A

persistent frenulum = a band of tissue linking the ventral raphe of the penis to the preputial mucosa

  • the frenulum normally ruptures at puberty
  • persistence is particularly common in bulls and boars
  • can limit extension of the penis out of the prepuce and cause directional deviation of the erect penis
44
Q

what condition is common in bulls as a result of trauma or forced deviation of erect penis

A

significant haemorrhage, especially in bulls in which the condition is referred to as penile haematoma, penile deviation or broken penis

45
Q

Define phallitis, balanitis, posthitis, balanoposthitis and phaloposthitis

A
  • phallitis = inflammation of the penis
  • balanitis = inflammation of the glans penis
  • posthitis = inflammation of the prepuce
  • balanoposthitis or phaloposthitis = inflammation of both the penis and prepuce
46
Q

which parasite commonly infects penile/prepuital wounds in horses

A
  • in horses, infected flies may deposit larvae of Habronema muscae or Draschia megastoma on penile/preputial wounds in the summer (cutaneous habronemiasis)
    ○ the resulting ulcerated, exophytic mass grossly resembles proud flesh or a sarcoid (see below), but is composed of granulation and scar tissue, tracts of intense eosinophilic inflammation, and few or many parasite larvae
    ○ lesions may only involve the penis or urethral opening or extend to involve the prepuce
47
Q

Name 5 tumours of the penis and which spantaneously regressive with T cell response

A

1) Transmissible veneral tumor
2) squamous papilloma
3) fribropapilloma
4) sarcoid
5) squamous cell carcinoma

DVM 2 - 2 (27 decks)

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