Repro 1 Flashcards
What is a free martian
- Heifer calve born to male twin - MOST ARE INSTERILE
○ Shorter vagina (not conclusive as can be other reasons) - Male calf generally has normal fertility
What is male and female external genitalia, gonads and internal accessory structures
MALE external - penis and scrotum Gonads - testis internal accessory - epididymis, vas deferens, accessory sex glands FEMALES external - clitoris, labia gonads - ovary internal - uterine tubes, uterus
What are the two main ducts that are precursors for male and female reproductive tracts
Indifferent stage - gonad (what called when don’t know sex)
2 ducts
1. Mesonephric duct - wolffian ducts - blue line
- Remains in the male to form the epididymis, vas deferens (efferent ducts), seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts
2. Paramesonephric duct - mullerian duct - red line
- Remains in the female to form the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes
What occurs with the male embryology
Sex determining region from the Y chromosome leads to the TDF formation -> development of the testes
- Sertoli cells -> present in the testes secrete AMH (anti-mullerian hormone) resulting in the regression of the Mullerian ducts
- Leydig cells -> produce the hormones - testosterone resulting in the development of the mesonephric duct -> male duct system
What occurs with female embryology
- No AMH therefore no testosterone therefore no development Mesonephric duct - wolffian ducts as need testosterone therefore regress
○ Sometimes there are remnants of these ducts - Nothing suppressing the formation of the Paramesonephric duct - mullerian ducts therefore growth here
What leads to a male XX (genotypically female but phenotypically male) and what reproductive organs present
- Internal male organs
- Genitalia can be ambiguous
○ Sometimes have a large clitoris - CAUSE -> Although XX but have SRY gene -> sex-determining region on the X chromosome
○ Breeding soundness exam in mares, hard time falling pregnant, need to karyotype the horse
Female XO and Male YO what results
Female XO - turners syndrome in male - No SRY gene so look like female - Not lethal Male YO - Lethal mutation
Female - XXX what results in
- Not lethal mutation
- Often fertile so generally don’t know
- Generally taller
Male -XXY what is it called, what results
Klinefelter’s syndrome
- Most are infertile
- Cat with tricoloured male most likely to have this syndrome
○ To get these tortishell generally need two X chromosomes
what is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and the 3 types
XY so have testes, with androgens that cannot act
- Partial or complete inability of cells to respond to androgens.
○ Complete AIS: XY individual looks like a normal female
§ Infertile
○ Partial AIS: genitalia partially masculinized
○ Mild AIS: genitalia masculinized (only diagnosed in males)
§ Some feminie features
§ Infertile -> cannot produce sperm
What is the cause of 1) phenotypical male, gonadal female 2) phenoypical female, gonadal male
1) Phenotypical male, gonadal female -> commonly: androgen/progesterone administration in gestation
2) Phenotypical female, gonadal male -> commonly: Persistent Muellerian Duct syndrome
what makes a true hermaphrodites
- Tissue of both ovary and testes within the gonads
○ Histological diagnosis - Some animals are true hermaphrodites
What are the characteristic of ovaries in terms of size, appearance and areas
- Relatively small, oval to round, firm organs
- Nodular in appearance due to protrusion of follicles and corpora lutea from the surface
○ expect for horse -> ovaries look like kidneys (inside out) - Attached border at hilum (medial), free border opposite this, a cranial or tubal pole and a caudal or uterine pole
Where is are the ovaries located in the horse, dog, cat and the ruminants and pigs
Horse, dog, cat
- Located in sublumbar region caudal to the kidneys
Ruminants and pigs
- Located close or at the pelvic inlet having undergone caudal migration
○ Similar to descent of the male gonads
- Uterine horns generally adopt a coiled shape (ruminants) or convoluted (sow)
What are the 4 main structures of the ovaries and describe the 1st two
1) surface epithelium - continuous with the ovarian mesentery
2) tunica albuginea - surrounds the cortex as a thin layer of dense connective tissues
3) cortex
4) medulla
Describe the cortex of ovaries and the structures within
dense stromal tissue of plump fibroblast-like cells and connective tissue
a. Stromal tissue
b. Follicles - fluid filled spheres that contain oocytes, in various stages of development, produce oestrogen that causes signs of oestrus or heat, promote conditions favouring fertilization and support of the ovum and zygote
c. Corpora lutea - endocrine cells which produce progesterone to support pregnancy
d. Corpora albicans
e. Atretic follicles
Describe the medulla of the ovaries and the structures within
loose connective tissue containing vessels and nerves
a. Hilus -> where vessels and nerves enter and where the ovary attaches to its mesentery (mesovarium)
b. Vessels and nerves
c. Mesovarium -> how ovary attaches to the mesentery
What is the function of the uterine tube and the 4 components
- Collect and conduct the ova to the uterus and generally the site of fertilization of the oocyte
1) infundibulum
2) ostium - leads into ampulla
3) Ampulla - tube
4) isthmus
Describe the function and structure of the infundibulum and isthmus of the oviduct
Infundibulum - catches the ovum and leads to the abdominal opening of the tube - ostium
- Free margin of is irregular and forms processes called fimbriae which extend towards the ovary
○ They become active and motile at ovulation and move close to the ovary and catch and sweep the ova
Isthmus - tube that follows on from the ampulla
- Ends at the uterotubal junction with the uterine opening that may be located on small papilla that projects into the uterine lumen
- Uterotubal junction -> where AI tries to place the sperm for horses
What are the 3 parts of the uterus
1) horn -> 2 therefore bicornuate
2) body
3) cervix - internal uterine orifice, cervial canal, external uterine orifice
Uterine horns where begin, located, shape, site of what and what structures does it contain
- 2 horns begin at the uterotubal junctions and converge caudally to meet the uterine body
- Located within the abdomen
- Length and shape varies between species
- Site of IMPLANTATION
- Luminal surface possess varying orders of folds (pigs) or rows of small mounds (caruncles - ruminants)
Caruncles look like tentacle suckers -> provide attachment for the foetal membranes and therefore are only really developed and visible after the animal has given birth before
Uterine body what is it, where positioned, ligament above and site of what
- Simple, relatively short muscular tube in domestic animals
- Positioned between the two horns cranially and cervix caudally
○ Intracorneal ligament -> between the horns - Site of SEMEN DEPOSITIONS in dog, pig and horse
Cervix what is it, comprised of, special structures, lumen called and what lead into
- Thick walled terminal portion of the uterus located between uterine body and vagina
- Wall comprises of smooth muscle and dense fibrous tissue
○ Acts as a sphincter or valve regulating access to the uterus from the vagina
○ Easily palpated in large domestic species - Interdigitating cervix in many species - NOT ALL (not horse)
○ Harder to get into the bovine vagina - Lumen called the cervical canal opening to the uterine body being the internal uterine orifice and to the vagina the external uterine orifice
- Most distal part projects into the vaginal lumen as vaginal portion of the cervix
Vagina what is it, where located, site of what and the 3 structures/areas
- Cranial portion of copulating organ
- Midline pelvic floor ventral to rectum
- Site of SEMEN DEPOSITION in ruminants
1. vaginal fornix
2. hymen
3. external urethral orifice
what is the site of semen deposition in the different species
- Site of SEMEN DEPOSITIONS in dog, pig and horse
- Site of SEMEN DEPOSITION in ruminants
Describe the 3 components of the vagina
- vaginal fornix
- Cranial end of the vagina
- Annular recess around vaginal portion of cervix - hymen
- Caudal end of the vagina
- Tissue on the roof - present in some mares
- Poorly developed in domestic species - external urethral orifice
- Demarcates the border of the vestibule
Vestibule what is it, where does it extend, located and the 6 main structures/areas
- Short terminal portion of the tubular genitalia that is shared with the urinary system
- Extends from the vagina to the vulva
- Caudal to the ischiatic arch and inclines ventrally
1. urethral opening
2. major and minor vestibular glands
3. constrictor vesticuli muscles
4. erectile tissue (vesticular bulb)
5. clitoris
6. clitoral fossa
what are some structures at the urethral opening for different species and what major and minor vesitcu.ar glands function as and which animals present in
- urethral opening
- Hummock (bitch) - mount of tissue
- Suburethral diverticulum (cow, sow)
○ Both make catheterisation difficult
○ Should place hand on if want to go to vagina - major and minor vestibular glands
- Produce mucus that provide lubrication for the tract in preparation for copulation and parturition
○ Mucus production is most pronounced during oestrus
- Major -> found in cow, cat and some sheep
Minor -> dog, pig, horse and some sheep
what are the contrictor vesticuli muscles, ereticle tissue and the clitoris within the vestibule
constrictor vestibuli muscles
- Homolog to bulbospongioosus m.
- Constricts around bulbus glandis (penis) of canine during copulation
4. erectile tissue (vesticular bulb) - Cavernous tissue - monolog to penile bulb
- Wall that contains extensive venous plexuses
5. clitoris - Homolog to penis
- Erectile tissue in mare and bitch
- Glands of the clitoris is at the caudal tip of the body and only exposed part of the organ
Vulva what is it and describe the 4 structures within
- Single layer of tissue External opening of the female reproductive tract
1. Labia - 2
○ External opening of the female reproductive tract
2. Commissures
○ Labia meet dorsally at the dorsal commissure and ventrally at the ventral commissure
§ Ventral generally rounded and raised above the surrounding skin
□ In the mare it is rounded and encloses with clitoris
3. Constrictor vulvae
○ Contains fat and muscle bundles which are similar to the constrictor vestibuli in vestibule
4. Skin/integument
○ Covered with sebaceous and sweat glands and generally covering of fine hair
What is the main ligament of the female reproductive tract and the 3 parts
Broad ligament composed of 3 parts
- Mesovarium
- Mesosalpinx
- Mesometrium
Mesovarium location and the 2 ligaments within
- Most cranial part that supports the ovary
- Attaches at the hilus and brings in vessels and nerves
- Cranial free boarder is thickened to form suspensory ligament
- Another thickening called the proper ligament between the uterine pole of the ovary to the cranial tip of the ipsilateral uterine horn
Mesosalpinx function, what does it form, how and species differences
- Supports and encloses the uterine tube
- Forms the ovarian bursa
○ Medial wall mesovarium and lateral wall mesosalpinx
○ Too small for ovary in mare to complete enclosure in carnivores
§ Opening is ventral in pig and ruminants and medial in carnivores
Mesometrium what does it suspend, and what other ligamnet is formed
- Suspends the uterine horns, body and cervix and is continuous with the perimetrium of the uterus (outer serosal covering)
- Carries the vessels and nerves to the uterus
- Cranial free border on either side carriers the round ligament of the uterus through the inguinal canal into the vaginal process
○ May be seen in carnivores, horse and cow
What are the 3 main blood vessels of the female reproductive tract
- Ovarian artery
- Uterine artery
- Vaginal artery
Ovarian artery where does that arise and run
- Arises from aorta and runs within the mesovarium to give rise to ovarian branch, uterine and uterine tube branch
Uterine artery where does it run and arise from in the different species, the function and what special feature in ruminants and pigs
- Runs within the mesometrium and gives rise to branches that run cranially and caudally
○ Internal iliac via umbilical artery -> ruminants and pigs
○ External iliac -> in the horse
○ Absent in carnivores - When present provides major supply to the uterus
- In large ruminants and pig a palpable turbulence (fremitus) can be felt in these vessels during pregnancy
Vaginal artery where run and arise from in different species
- Most caudal of the main blood vessels and also gives rise to cranial and caudal branches
○ Internal pudendal -> horse and carnivore
○ Internal iliac -> ruminants and pigs
Veins of the female reproductive tract what is the main one and what occurs in pigs and ruminants
- Satellite to the arteries
- Largest is the ovarian vein
- Pigs and ruminants -> veins form plexiform structures that come into close contact with ovarian a. similar to testicular vessels in male
○ Involved in endocrine signalling to the ovary from uterus
