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DVM 2 - 2 > Nervous/Endocrine define > Flashcards

Nervous/Endocrine define Flashcards

1
Q

Dysraphia

A

= an abnormal seam
= a general term used for abnormalities arising from defective closure of the neural tube or its subsequent separation from overlying ectoderm

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2
Q

Anencephaly

A

absence of the brain

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3
Q

Prosencephalic agenesis

A

failure of neural tube closure rostrally -> absence of the forebrain (prosencephalon) and structures derived from it (e.g. cerebral hemispheres and eyes)

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4
Q

exencephaly

A

the meninges, dorsal skull bones, skeletal muscles and skin fail to develop over the missing forebrain, so that the undifferentiated neuroectodermal tissue lies exposed or protrudes from the skull

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5
Q

meningocoele

A

dorsal midline defect in the skull through which protrude fluid-filled meninges sac

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6
Q

meningoencephalocoele

A

dorsal midline defect in the skull through which protrude brain within meninges sac

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7
Q

meningomyelocoele

A

dorsal protrusion of a skin-covered sac containing spinal cord within meninges through the defect

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8
Q

spina bifida

A

any abnormality of dorsal vertebral arch formation

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9
Q

myelodysplasia

A

malformation of the spinal cord

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10
Q

syringomyelia

A

a tubular fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) in the spinal cord

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11
Q

hydromyelia

A

dilation of the central spinal canal with excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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12
Q

arthrogryposis

A

crooked joint

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13
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral deviation of the vertebral column

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14
Q

kyphosis

A

dorsal deviation of the vertebral column (hump-backed)

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15
Q

lordosis

A

ventral deviation of the vertebral column

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16
Q

torticollis

A

twisting of the cervical vertebral column across its long axis

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17
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

a spectrum of forebrain (prosencephalon) malformations which typically include agenesis or severe hypoplasia of the olfactory bulbs and tracts

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18
Q

cyclopia

A

there is a single large midline eye within a single orbit

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19
Q

microencephaly

A

an abnormally small (hypoplastic) brain

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20
Q

pachygyria

A

abnormally broad cerebrocortical gyri

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21
Q

microgyria

A

abnormally small and numerous cerebrocortical gyri

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22
Q

agyria/lissencephaly

A

lissencephaly = absence of cerebrocortical gyri

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23
Q

Hydranencephaly

A

lysis of brain tissue and subsequent phagocytosis -> a variable degree of cavitation of the cerebral hemispheres

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24
Q

Porencephaly

A

s a less severe form of cerebral lysis than hydranencephaly

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25
Q

Hydroencephalus

A

accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cranial cavity - common

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26
Q

cerebellar hypoplasia

A
  • incomplete development of the cerebellum is a common congenital (or early post-natal) malformation in domestic animals
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27
Q

cerebellar abiotrophy

A

premature or accelerated atrophy of a normally formed cerebellum

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28
Q

Lysosomal Storage Disorders

A

lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are conditions in which substrates derived from normal cell catabolism accumulate within lysosomes rather than being degraded by lysosomal enzymes

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29
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

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30
Q

myelitis

A

inflammation of the spinal cord

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31
Q

encephalomyelitis

A

inflammation of the brain and spinal cord

32
Q

ependymitis

A

inflammation of the ependyma

33
Q

choroiditis

A

inflammation of the choroid plexus of the ventricles

34
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

35
Q

leptomeningitis

A

inflammation of the leptomeninges

36
Q

pachymeningitis

A

inflammation of the pachymeninges

37
Q

Mydriasis

A

dilated pupil

38
Q

Anisocoria

A

uneven pupil size as seen with unilateral lesions

39
Q

enophthalmos

A

○ narrowing of the palpebral fissure due to loss of smooth muscle tone in the eyelids.

40
Q

Ptosis

A

rotrusion of the third eyelid - due to lack of smooth muscle tone causing its retraction

41
Q

Miosis

A

narrowing of the pupil due to failure of contraction of the pupillary dilator

42
Q

anhydrosis

A

lack of sweating in most animals

43
Q

nociception

A
  • refers to the system that carries signals of damage; it is the physiological event that accompanies pain
  • “Nociception is born in the dorsal horn, but we don’t call it pain till it reaches the brain”
44
Q

Allodynia

A

centralised pain sensation following a normal non-painful stimulus

45
Q

hyperalgesia

A

enhanced perception of pain

46
Q

cerebral concussion

A

a clinical condition characterised by (usually) temporary loss of consciousness and reflex activity following sudden head injury

47
Q

cerebral contusion

A

haemorrhage into the meninges and/or about superficial or deep cerebral blood vessels as a result of head trauma

48
Q

cerebral laceration

A

physical tearing of brain tissue due to trauma

49
Q

what is acute brain swelling (congestive brain swelling)

A

the swelling is due to increased blood volume within the blood vessels of the brain rather than the accumulation of extra-cellular or intra- cellular oedema fluid

50
Q

excitotoxicity

A

hypoxia results in decrease ATP in neurons -> release glutamate -> excess release results in increase calcium into neurons -> further destruction of metabolism ->activation of catabolic enzymes -> neuronal death

51
Q

stroke/ cerebrovascular accident

A

characterised by cerebral haemorrhage (from vascular tears) or infarction (focal ischaemic injury caused by vascular occlusion and reduced blood flow)

52
Q

paresis

A

deficit of motor function

53
Q

paraparesis

A

bilateral motor dysfunction of the pelvic limbs

54
Q

paraplegia

A

loss of motor function to the pelvic limb

55
Q

paralysis

A

complete loss of voluntary movement

56
Q

hyperaesthesia

A

increased sensitivity of the skin

57
Q

Nociception

A

perception of pain

58
Q

ataxia

A

lack of coordination

59
Q

mentation

A

degree of mental alertness

60
Q

analgesia

A

abscence of the sense of pain

61
Q

hypalgesia

A

decreased sense of pain

62
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

increase sense of pain

63
Q

nystagmus

A

when eyes move rapidly and uncontrollably

64
Q

epilepsy

A

symptomatic, reactive, primaru (idopathic)

65
Q

seizures

A

generalised - whole body affected

66
Q

Chemosis

A

oedema swelling of the conjunctiva

67
Q

hyphema

A

pooling of blood inside the anterior chamber of the eye

68
Q

plegia

A

paralysis or absence of motor function due to neurological damage

69
Q

paresis

A

weakness in muscle due to neurological damage

70
Q

caudal fossa

A

the region of the brain behind the tentorium

71
Q

Cranial fossa

A

the region of the brain in front of the tentorium

72
Q

Tetraparesis/tetraplegia

A
  • All four limbs weak or paralysed
73
Q

Hemiparesis/Hemiplegia

A
  • 2 limbs are weak or paralysed
74
Q

General anaesthesia

A

a state of unconsciousness , produced by drugs, with absence of pain sensation over the entire body

75
Q

Obtundation

A

depressed response to stimuli (intracranial disease

76
Q

Dysphoria

A

inappropriate reaction to surrounding environment which may include hyperexcitability, vocalising inappropriately

77
Q

Stupour

A

lack of response to all but noxious stimuli

DVM 2 - 2 (27 decks)

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