AHPS - extra Flashcards
List one vaccination and one worming agent in goats
Vaccination -> coopers Tasvax 5 in 1 vaccine
Worming in goats -> caprimec broad spectrum antibiotic
what is appropriate for castration of a 13 month old bull
local anesthetic and surgical castration using an emasculator
Vaccines used for beef cattle what is the main one, how administered and other used
5 in 1 -> subcutaneous Botulism (Northern AUS) BVD Tick fever Anthrax M. bovis - pinkeye
Bullock define
greater than 1 year old castrated male
What are the 3 main diseases that mainly worried about in beef production
1) Johne’s disease
2) resistant parasites -> 50eggs/g starting to worry, Give 3 in 1 or combinational on arrival to property
3) BVD
with angus beef cattle when join with angus and Charolais and why
§ Angus - Angus - heifers and 1st and 2nd calvers
□ 1. smaller calves 2. selecting replacement from calves in 2nd and 3rd calvers (best cows) and want angus cows
§ Angus - Charolais - 3rd, 4th, 5th calvers 1. heavier calf 2. heterosis -> faster growth rate
what is a normal weight of a beef calf and when weaned in northern and southern Australia
§ Calves 30-45Kg is normal -> need to think about calving ease and shape of the calf
weaning -> 6-9 months post calving SOUTHERN
Northern -> 100Kg
Integration of Beef/sheep what are 2 main benefits and 2 main disadvantages
Benefits
1) Decrease risk in terms of pricing and income - smooth out increase and decrease in output prices
2) Cross-grazing - decrease parasites load on paddock
Disadvantages
1) Different handling techniques, fencing, yard requirements
2) Management calendar requirements are different
○ May have to change calendar due to labour requirement - decrease labour
condition scoring in beef cattle what is the scale, how determined and ideal
Condition scoring - 1-5
- Degree of fat cover around the tail head and short ribs
- IDEAL - 2-3
what is the joining rate for merino and prime lamb and what is an ideal lamb body weight
□ Merino 1 per 100 sheep
□ Prime lamb 1 per 60 sheep
- Lamb body weight -> 4-6Kg ideal
Condition scoring sheep what is the scale, what used to determine and ideal
Condition score - 1-5
- Look at the short ribs mainly
- Can also look at the fat on the backbone and rib definition
- IDEAL- 2.5-4
Genetics in sheep why are they used and what breed with merino, poll, boarder leister, doper, suffolk
1) Merino - wool, mutton possible lamb -> not great mothers average 60-90%
2) Poll - cross merino X boarder leister = second cross ewe -> ALL sold
3) Boarder leister - merino cross -> all lambs sold, females breeding
4) Doper - shed wool each year therefore used as self-shearing hobby sheep as well for meat
5) Suffolk - has black points
Lamb growth rate between birth and slaughter
250 grams per day
Pasture growth rate in summer, winter and spring
Summer - most years no growth
Winter - 10-20KgDM/ha/d
Spring - 100-120KgDM/ha/d
Gudiar what is the vaccine against, what animal used in and what is dangerous about it
- Vaccine against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease in sheep)
- DO NOT SELF INNOCULATE
Water how much drink per body weight, how close to feed in sheep and cattle and how much need to drink per day
- Dry stock - 10% body weight
- Close enough to feed
○ Sheep - 2.5km
○ Cattle - 5km - Water supply enough for an animal t drink for 1 hour a day
Nutrient interactions what decreases the availability for Cu and Ca:P ratio
- Decrease availability for Cu - Mo, S, Zn, Fe, Cd and Ca
- Ca:P - high Ca in plant leaves, high P in plant seeds
○ Most need 2:1
○ Excess P in intestine reduces Ca absorption
What are the 4 main gaseous waste products
- Carbon dioxide
- Hydrogen sulphide
- Methane
- Ammonia
Tail docking how occurs and reasons for in pigs, sheep and cows
- Pigs: knife, rubber rings, hot docking knife
○ cutting when young to remove risk of tail biting - Sheep: knife, hot docking knife or rubber rings
○ Reduces the risk of flystrike - Cows: cutting/rubber rings
○ Decrease risk of leptospirosis (have vaccine now and welfare issue -> not really done)
Merino what is the average weight of the fleece, price per Kg and therefore price per fleece
- Merino -> 4-5Kg fleece per sheer -> $10 per Kg -> $40-50 per fleece
Mulesing in sheep what is the function and pain response, how to decrease
- Removal of wrinkle around the breech with mulesing sheers to decrease the risk of flystrike
Pain response - Up to 72 hours
- If apply topical anaesthesia like tri-solfen after mulesing have initial pain but declines after 1-2 hours
- If use carprofen + topical anaesthetic than massive reduction in cortisol and hunched standing
List 3 reasons why pain-free surgical husbandry procedures are difficult
1) Practical considerations = large number in short period of time, economics, difficult to give drug 30mins before procedure
2) Procedures performed by farmers so don’t have access to all drugs that vets have access to, too expensive to get vets
3) Duration of analgesia required is long 10 hours castration and 72 hours mulesing
Spaying beef cattle where done, why and the 2 mechanisms
- Mainly in Northern Australia -> no internal fences hard to prevent bulls and cows from meeting and if pregnant or lactating not putting on enough meat
- No anaesthetic or analgesia required
1) Willis method -> spay tool inserted in vagina, operator manipulates ovary into tool as goes above cervix, tool cuts ovary and falls into the abdomen cavity where weathers away
2) Flank incision
Condition scoring in dairy cattle what is the scale, how determined and ideal
Condition scoring - 1-8
- Fat on backbone, hips and ribs
- IDEAL - 3-6
- Anything above 6 is getting too fat for milking
Tail docking in dairy cattle. what age advantages and disadvantages
Tail docking - not common but if present generally under 6 months
Advantages
- Herringbone dairies milker stands below animal may get trail and faeces in the face that can lead to leptospirosis
○ Now can vaccinate against
○ Can just trim the tail to decrease the risk of lepto as well as mastitis
Disadvantages
- Gets more attention from flies as cannot swipe away flies (bite the cow)
Where does most of the milk go from victorian milk processes
processed product internatioanlly (SMP, butter etc)
Anthelminitc pour on or injectable dose rate in beef and dairy cattle and what is the main difference between dairy and cattle
- Beef -> 1ml per 10Kg
- Dairy -> 1ml per 50Kg
Dairy cows receive more supplementary feed than beef cattle
How long are cattle allowed to be transported without water
48 hours
Phase feeding in gilts what are the 5 steps and what involved
- 70kg - <21 days to mating -> restrict feed to slow down growth
- <21 days to mating -> increase energy and nutrients to flush and successfully ovulate
- Mating - later pregnancy -> feed to maintain pregnancy but restrict feed to prevent returns (fails to maintain pregnancy and goes through the cycle again)
- Late pregnancy - weaning -> support lactation and body reserves
- Weaning - mating -> replace reserves and flush
Typical horse property maximum horses, why have multiple properties and multiple species
- Generally don’t have more than 300 horses per property
○ Labour starts getting too much - Can have multiple properties in different areas
○ Biosecurity - disease outbreak
○ Closer to race track
○ Closer access to studs for clients in thoroughbred - - Multiple species -> grazing of horses takes it down to the ground resulting in promotion of weed growth -> if then graze sheep on that paddock can help the pasture recovery
○ Weeds -> cape weed, needle weeds, Patterson’s curse (most common)
What are the 7 main diseases and how to control parasites
1) EHV
2) Hendra - only really in Queensland and northern NSW
3) Strangles
4) Queensland itch
5) Parasites -> internal and external
○ Resistance -> FEC count before and after treatment
○ BZ, praziquantel, Levamisole (can have toxicity issues), ML - can cause an issue if don’t know weight and therefore dose
○ Oral general -> paste - most common
6) Rhodococcus equi -> pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia especially in foals
7) Tetanus -> vaccination against
horse castration what are the 2 main ways and which is the most common
1) Not generally done standing -> due to safety issues with humans
2) Full general anaesthetic most common
List the 7 important diseases in a pig enterprise
- Mycoplasma
- Circovirus
- Haemophilus
- Parvo
- E. col
- Actinobacillus
- Ascaris sum -> milk spot (better with intensive systems)
What are the 3 main benefits of combining pigs with other enterprises
- Improved pasture -> pigs fertilise via grain based diet
- Parasite advantage with movement
