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DVM 2 - 2 > Parasitology CEST > Flashcards

Parasitology CEST Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 groups and 2 stages for cestodes and what is the other name for cestode

A

2 Groups
1. Non-taeniids (herbivorous, omnivorous or carnivorous DH)
2. Taeniids (always carnivorous DH; major socioeconomic importance)
2 stages
1. Adult in DH (intestine; mostly non-pathogenic)
2. Larva (metacestode) in IH (tissues; pathogenic in vertebrates)

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the adult tapeworm and structures within

A

1) head = scolex
- suckers, rostellum or bothria, rectrable/armed
2) neck
- differentiating zone
3) body = strobila
- segments (proglottids) -> immature, mature and gravid with 1-2 sets of reproductive organs

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3
Q

What are the general features of cestodes, what type of lifecycle and how replicate

A
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Acoelomate parenchymatous body - flat worms
  • Hermaphrodite - male and female within every single mature segments
  • Body segmented
  • LC - indirect
  • Strobilation -> mature body segments that come off
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4
Q

Organ system and tegument and subtegument of cestodes

A

Organ systems
- No gut
- Tegument + subtegument
- Parenchyma = musculature + osmoregulatory system + nervous system + reproductive system
Tegument and subtegument
- same as flukes with no mouths so have to absorb nutrients across the wall -> osmoregulatory balance via flame cells

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5
Q

Genital pore what is it, when present and why important

A
  • some have which allows eggs to be released
  • Other don’t which means eggs are released when proglottids released
  • Important to be able to identify
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6
Q

What are the egg characteristics of the two orders of cestodes

A

6 Striations (hooks) within oncosphere - in both
Cyclophyllidea
- Embryophore - armours plating, water-proof structure
Pseudophyllidea
- Very thin wall - aquatic intermediate host
- Ciliated larvae
- Operculum - where the larvae escape

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7
Q

What are the larvae characteristics of the two orders of cestodes

A

Cyclophyllidea -> Oncosphere
- Hatch in the stomach of the intermediate host
- Hook structures help dig and burrow into tissues
Pseudophyllidea -> Coracidium
Ciliated - aquatic

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8
Q

What is the general lifecycle of cestodes

A 
Definitive host 
1) Adult tapeworm 
2) Egg 
Intermediate host 
3) Development within
1. Hatching in stomach 
2. Activation 
3. Penetration of tissues 
4. Establishment - forms a cysts within the tissues 
Definitive host 
- Tapeworm grow and mature 
- Reproduce
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9
Q

What are the 4 different cysts of cyclophyllidea and how to differentiate

A

Cysticercus - single scolex of mature tapeworm with scolex not filling entire cysts - fluid around
Cysticercoid - single scolex of mature tapeworm with scolex filling entire cysts
Coenurus - multiple scolex - multiple tapeworms, scolexes are bound to the membrane
Hydatid - multiple scolex - multiple tapeworms, scolex floating around within the cysts within sacs -> cysts that rupture can have sacs filled with scolex move throughout tissues and form another hydatid cyst
- fast reproduction within the host

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10
Q

What makes a non-taeniids and where are adults mostly located, and what is the general pathogenic stage

A
  • Don’t belong to the family Taeniidae
  • Adult worm mostly in small intestine
  • larvae are generally pathogenic except for 2 species within the chicken and 1 in horse where the adults are pathogenic
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11
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum what is the common name, is it in aus, scolex characteristics, length, pathogenic affects and 2 treatments

A 
broad fish tapeworm 
- Not in Australia 
- Scolex - slit-shaped suckers 
- Length - 5-15m
Pathogenic effects 
- Nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea - due to the large size of the tapeworms 
- Vit. B12 deficiency - anaemia 
Treatment 
1) Niclosamide 
2) Praziquantel - USED FOR ALL TAPEWORMS
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12
Q

What are the 10 steps in the lifecycle of Diphyllobothrium latum and what is the PPP

A

1) Egg shed in faeces into water
2) Operculum open up ciliated Coracidium released within the water
3) Move up towards the light on the surface of the water
4) Cyclopes (copepods) - ingest larvae - 1st intermediate
5) Coracidium losses cilia burrows into tissues
6) Form procercoid -> doesn’t form cyst but become dormant
7) Intermediate host ingested by fish - 2nd intermediate host
8) Forms plerocercoid -> Burrows into intestinal wall of fish - dormant
9) Wait for definitive host to ingest - hatch in stomach and mature in small intestines
10) Feed via absorption across the tegument
PPP = 5-6 weeks

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13
Q

Spirometra erinacei common name, is it present in aus, what replication strategy, pathogensis in what stage, which country important in and the 2 treatments

A
  • zipper worm
  • Is present in Australia
  • Proliferative sparganosis (asexual multiplication)
    ○ e.g., dogs, native fauna, pigs
    Pathogenesis
  • Adult of little or no pathological significance
  • Larval stages -> within vertebrate intermediate host
    ○ Mainly the plerocercoid larval stage within the frog OR other hosts (these hosts then act as a parenetic host)- zoonotic and small mammals
    § Ocular sparganosis - blindness or other organs
    ○ Important in Asia
    Treatment
    1. Surgery
    2. Praziquantel (5x)
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14
Q

What are the 9 steps in the lifecycle of Spirometra erinacei and where pathogenic

A

1) Egg shed in aquatic environment -> ciliated
2) Ciliated Coracidium released into the water
3) Ingested by Cyclopes (copepods) - ingest larvae - 1st intermediate host
4) Coracidium losses cilia burrows into tissues
5) Form procercoid -> doesn’t form cyst but become dormant
6) Intermediate host ingested by reptiles (frogs generally) - 2nd intermediate host
7) Forms plerocercoid -> Burrows into intestinal wall of frog- dormant
- This stage may cause issues in frog OR other hosts (zoonotic) - pathogenesis
8) Wait for definitive host to ingest - hatch in stomach and mature in small intestines
9) Feed via absorption across the tegument

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15
Q

Dipylidium caninum common name, how pathogenic, what is the main issue and treatment

A 
Double-pored tapeworm
- Concern of owners
○ Indication that dog has fleas if have this parasite 
- Non-pathogenic
- Anal irritation - drag bum along 
- Zoonotic
Treatment
- Praziquantel
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16
Q

Dipylidium caninum generaly lifecycle, hosts and PPP

A

Same as other peudophyllidea
Definitive host: dog
Intermediate host: flea - Ctenocephalidies canis or felis
PPP = 2-3 weeks

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17
Q

Anoplocephala host, treatment and disease, distinguishing features of scolex and egg

A

Horse
Treatment and disease same Dipylidium caninum - non-pathogenic just anal irritation, zoonotic, treatment - praziquantel
Scolex - lappets
Eggs - look like gum drops

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18
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata definitive host, transmission, what seasons are important

A

Horses

  • Transmission via oribatid mite (cysticercoid)
  • Important late spring, summer and autumn - when oribatid mites are present (within the pasture)
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19
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata pathogensis where adult, effects and immunity

A
  • Adults within the ileo-caecal junction
    ○ Diarrhoea; ileo-caecal intussusception -> generally more acute intensive infection
  • Long lived and immunogenic (tegmentum sloughing off) - CHRONIC INFECTION IMPORTANT
    ○ Ulceration, diptheretic membrane & thickening -> junction losing elasticity - unable to undergo normal peristalsis
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20
Q

Diagnosis and treatment for Anoplocephala perfoliata

A
  • Problems with diagnosis (copro-/serology)
    ○ Can have a chronic infection with only small amount of worms
  • Praziquantel, pyrantel -> integrated control
    ○ Disease only occurs with chronic infection and only occurs with the mite (seasonal occurrence)
    ○ Treat when start to get warmer months - treat in larger intervals as acute infection is fine just chronic infection is bad
    ○ Treat when starts to get cold -> stop picking up the parasite
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21
Q

Moniezia characteristics of adult worm and egg, distinguishing features and how pathogenic

A 
Adult 
- segments broader tan long 
- two genitalia per segment 
- genital pores
- inter-proglottidal glands - diagnostic
- up to 1 m
Egg
- irregular, triangular, quadrangular
Not larger pathogenic
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22
Q

Moniezia what type of cyst formed in what intermediate host, PPP and how long do patent infections persist

A

Cysticercoid in pasture mites
PPP = 6 weeks
0 patent infection persists for about 3 months, mainly young animals infected as form immune response - non-pathogenic

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23
Q

What are the 3 species of Hymenlepis, definitive host length and rostellum armed or unarmed

A

H. carioca - poultry
H. nana = dwarf - length 4cm, rostellum armed
- One of the most common in the world
H. diminuta - length 90cm, rostellum unarmed

24
Q

Hymenolepis how many testes, is there a genital pore, what hosts involved, how pathogenic and 2 ways of transmission

A
  • small no. of testes (1-4)
  • Unilateral genital pore
  • all except H. nana require arthropod intermediate hosts
  • Not particularly pathogenic
    1) egg infected by arthropods
    2) auto-infected to the definitive host
25
Q

Bird tapeworms what is the issue, which system more susceptible, how transmitted and diagnosis

A
  • Adult cestodes can be pathogenic and cause major production losses
  • Free-range poultry can be difficult to control
  • Transmission via ingestion
  • Diagnosis hard with eggs -> need to do post-mortem
26
Q

Family Taeniidae what also called, what are the 3 important characteristics

A

Taeniids
- 4 suckers usually armed on scolex
- Branched uterus - important for differentiation
- Striated eggs - morphologically distinguishable
○ Extremely resistant eggs

27
Q

What are the 5 steps in the general lifecycle of Taeniids

A

1) Carnivorous definitive host within the small intestines - can be quite large
2) Ingestion
3) Mammalian intermediate host (months to years) -> usually grazing animals but can be humans or rodents
4) Fluid filled larval stages
○ In humans can cause “bladderworms” in tissues (cysts which are site and host specific)
○ Susceptible to freezing/cooking
Either
- Cysticercus > cysticercosis
- Coenurus > coenuriasis
- Hydatid > hydatidosis/echinococcosis
5) Ingested by definitive host

28
Q

What are the 4 main significance of taeniids

A
  • Livestock and meat industry
  • Some zoonotic
  • Clinical disease (in humans)
  • Public health importance
29
Q

Genus Taenia what are the 2 diseases in the different hosts, and the 3 general steps in the lifecycle

A

Disease
- Taeniasis - within definitive host
- Cysticercosis or coenuriasis - within intermediate host
Lifecycle
1) Eggs passed in faces and picked up by intermediate host
2) consumption of larval stages encysting in intermediate host (muscle or viscera)
Act as prey item for definitive host and ingest the cyst with the Cysticercus

30
Q

Taenia solium transmission between what hosts, where present in the world, general lifecycle and how detect

A
  • Human to pigs and human to human
  • Mostly prevalent in third world countries due to hygiene - NOT IN AUSTRALIA
  • Tapeworm within the gut, shedding proglottids in the faeces, pigs eat the faeces ingest eggs become infected
  • Detect via necropsy, show up in the meat “pork measles”
    ○ Necropsy the Cysticercosis will show up on the underside of the tongue
31
Q

Taenia solium pathogenesis in the different hosts what occurs and what causes the difference

A

1) Cysticercosis - intermediate - pig
- get into the heart (and other organs) -> no notifiable pathology just affect meat quality -> pork measles
2) mainly humans as accidental host - intermediate host but getting the adult (difference pigs getting larvae)
○ Ingestion of the eggs -> get larval stage -> migrate to the brain -> Leads to neurocysticercosis
○ Larval stages can occur within eye -> blindness and the tongue

32
Q

Taenia saginata what does it lead to in intermediate host and generally what hosts does it cycle through

A
  • Causes “beef measles” -> heart and other muscles
    ○ Cysticercus within the heart
    ○ Again not pathogenic just losses through decrease meat quality
  • Cycling through humans and cattle
    Humans cannot act as intermediate host
33
Q

Taenia ovis what does it lead to in intermediate host and what hosts does ti cycle through

A

Similar to taenia saginiata
- causes “sheep measles” -> cysticercus within muscle and heart - not pathogenic just losses through decrease in meat quality
cycle through dogs and sheep

34
Q

What are the two groups of Taenia in terms of location and which is more pathogenic

A

1) muscle -> not as pathogenic

2) visceral -> generally more pathogenic

35
Q

Taenia Hydratigena what are the definitive and intermediate hosts and pathogensis

A
  • Definitive host dogs/canids -> intermediate usually sheep but also in cows and pigs
  • Can be quite pathogenic
    ○ Migrate from the gut into the liver -> bring intestinal bacteria with them into (sterile) tissue -> can take hold and cause various diseases such as clostridium causing black disease
    ○ Can also get Cysticercus ballooning over the viscera causing cysts -> ‘bladderworms’
36
Q

Taenia Pisiformis what hosts cycle within and pathogensis

A

Cycling from rabbits to canids
- similar pathogensis to hydratigena but in the rabbit instead
○ Migrate from the gut into the liver -> bring intestinal bacteria with them into (sterile) tissue
Can also get Cysticercus ballooning over the viscera causing cysts -> ‘bladderworms’

37
Q

Taenia Taeniaeformis what hosts cycle within and pathogensis

A
  • Intermediate host is a rodent that is generally eaten by a cat
  • Substitutional pathology
    ○ Strobilocercus = cysticercus - found
    ○ Large fluid filled sacs as well
38
Q

Taenia multiceps is it present in aus, pathogensis in host and treatment

A
  • NOT IN AUSTRALIA
    Pathogenesis
  • Gid or sturdy in sheep -> neurological disorder -> arched back and twisting of head, dazed, ataxia, head pressing
    ○ Caused by larval stage -> sheep and other animals
    § Fills up part of the skull cavity and pushes on parts of the brain
    ○ Transmitted zoonotically to humans (larval stage)
    Treatment
  • Hard to do therefore mostly dealing with prevention
  • Can remove the larval stages from the brain and attempt to relieve the pressure
  • Adults can be treated with praziquantel in the definitive host
39
Q

Taenia serialis what is the intermediate host, what cyst formed and pathology

A
  • Within rabbits with the Coenurus forming under the skin

- Large pathology in the rabbits

40
Q

General control/prevention for Taenia adult, larval stage, human and dog

A

Adult - praziquantel
Larval stages - development of vaccine for intermediate host
Humans - faecal-oral hygiene
Dogs - not feed raw offal and raw meat

41
Q

What is the difference in terms of structure and dissemination of a alveolar and cystic hydatid cyst

A

Alveolar hydatid
- Germinal layer on outside and bud into the body of the animal
- Goes out and invades - metastatic
Cystic hydatid
- Firm lump that doesn’t spread like alveolar hydatid
- Only spreads within the cyst itself not throughout the body

42
Q

Echinococcus size, scolex features, how many proglottids and is there a genital pore

A

Tiny - couple of milometers -> within a carnivore - ONLY PARASITE
Scolex with rostellum (row of hooks)
3 proglottids - always
- 1 immature
- 1 mature with reproductive
- 1 that is packed with eggs - Gravid Proglottid
Genital pore - no uterine pore (eggs are laid)
- Last proglottid will break off and release eggs into faeces
Once this occurs then the other proglottids will move down and new formed

43
Q

Echinococcus granulosus what are the 9 steps in the lifecycle

A
  1. definitive host - canids - adult tapeworm in small intestines
  2. Shed egg in faeces
  3. Onto the paddock and gets ingested by herbivores - grazing
    ○ (pigs, cattle, sheep, camels, horses, kangaroos)
  4. Egg hatches Oncosphere comes out
  5. Hooks burrow into intestinal wall
  6. Move into circulation and travels through the body
  7. Create hydatid cysts in liver or liver
    ○ Very pathogenic in these hosts
  8. Predator feeds on the animal or is feed on the meat of the animal
  9. Finish the lifecycle with adult within small intestines
44
Q

Echinococcus granulosus what is the PPP and the 2 different cycles

A

PPP = 4-6 weeks -> from point feed on and have mature tapeworms in the definitive host
Domestic cycle -> sheep dogs, farm dogs and sheep -> control relatively easy - don’t feed meat and decrease defecation of sheep pasture
Sylvatic cycle -> harder to control

45
Q

List the 6 different strains of echinococcus granulosus and hosts are they all transmitted to

A 
- Named based on intermediate host
○ All transmitted to humans and dogs 
	1. Sheep strain 
	2. Cervid strain 
	3. Pig strain 
	4. Camel strain 
	5. Horse strain 
	6. Cattle strain
46
Q

Echinococcus granulosus pathogenic effects in the definitive and intermediate host

A

Definitive host
- No pathogenic effects even with high burdens
- No protective immunity
Larval stage - intermediate host or accidental host (dogs or humans)
- Large amounts in liver and lungs result in decreased function
○ Highly pathogenic
- Cystic (unilocular) hydratidosis in accidental IH
○ 1st hydatidosis (progressive)
§ Pressure atrophy, collateral circulation
□ Severely enlarged blood vessels
○ 2nd hydatidosis (rupture)
§ Spread through the body (fatal) and anaphylactic shock (immunological reaction)

47
Q

How to treat echinococcus granulosus infections with the accidental intermediate host

A

1) Surgery
□ Drain fluid filled sac and add fixative to kill the broad capsule
2) Give large amount of fenbendazole -> good tissue penetration -> try to kill larval stages

48
Q

Describe the structure and what occurs in a cystic hydatid

A

Membrane between host tissue and inner fluid filled sac
Top of this membrane is the germinal membrane which cysts bud from
○ Bud as brood capsule -> within floating protocolises
○ Brood capsule has own germinal layer so more can bud off within the brood capsule
§ Can have hundreds within one cysts
Each broad capsule can create one larval stage

49
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis how differ from echinococcus granulosus in terms of lifecycle, hosts and where located

A

Same lifecycle but not different genotypes
Definitive -> canids, cats
Intermediate host -> mainly rat
Accidental host -> humans
Distribution
- More narrow in distribution, metaterrarium areas of asia and china
- NOT IN AUSTRALIA

50
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis pathogensis and treatment

A

Pathogensis
- alveolar echinoccosis -> germinal layer is on the outside of the cyst so the brood sacs are budding into the host tissue
○ Exogenous budding -> infiltrates like a neoplasm, usually fatal within years
Treatment
- Likelihood of treatment is low as cysts are just budding around the body

51
Q

General treatment of cestodes adult in small and large animals, birds and cestode larvae in sparaganosis, echinococcosis in humans and livestock

A

ADULT
- small animals - praziquantel
- large animals - praziquantel and benzimidazoles
- birds - praziquantel
LARVAE
- Sparganosis: *Praziquantel (high doses)
- Echinococcosis in humans: *MBZ, ABZ (low efficacy > surgery) - fenbendazole
- No treatment in livestock (taeniids) - euthanasia

52
Q

Echinococcus control what is the main strategy with the two parts

A
  • Break the cycle (main focus on DH)
    ○ Two cycles
    1. Domestic -> dog feed meat that are infected, kids patting and playing with dog - come into contact with faeces, don’t’ wash their hand then ingest the faeces with cysts
    □ Deworming of dogs and education can help control - don’t feed meat and wash hands after touching dogs
    2. Sylvatic -> from kangaroo to the dingo and back, also deer population
    □ Very difficult
    □ Tasmania -> doesn’t have foxes and dingos -> sylvatic lifecycle not really present - easier to control these parasites in Tasmania -> not possible in mainland Australia
53
Q

What are the 4 main epidemiological surveillance strategies for cestodes

A
  • Diagnosis in canids (coproantigen/PCR tests) (DH)
  • Abattoir surveillance (IH)
  • Diagnosis in humans (aIH)
  • Immunological, X-ray and ultrasound
54
Q

List 6 control measures for cestodes

A

1) Prevent access of dogs to infected offal
2) Correct disposal of offal (abattoirs; control home slaughter)
3) Regular treatment of dogs (praziquantel)
4) Exclude dogs from pastures (eliminate infected feral canids)
5) Prevent contact between dogs and humans in endemic situations
6) *Vaccination of IHs (echinococcosis/ cysticercosis)

55
Q

What is occuring in terms of vaccines for taneiids

A

Recombinant vaccines against taeniids
Place gene into plasmid, get cell to express the protein
- Inject as a vaccine

DVM 2 - 2 (27 decks)

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