RAD 1

Question 1

Facial nerve function, what muscles involved and the 3 branches

Answer 1

Facial - motor facial expression muscles + caudal belly of digastricus (muscle of mastication)
- Orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, platysma, frontalis
3 main branches
1) Auriculopalpebral -> rostral auricular and palpebral
2) Dorsal buccal branch
3) Ventral buccal branch

Question 2

Trigeminal function, 3 branches and where they run

Answer 2

Trigeminal - somatic sensory to the face, teeth roots, motor to muscles of mastication

1) Ophthalmic -> eyes
2) Maxillary -> through infraorbital canal -> superior alveolar nerve -> maxillary teeth sensory
3) Mandibular -> gives off lingual nerve (sensory to cheek) + through mandibular foramen -> inferior alveolar nerve (mandibular teeth) -> mental foramen -> mental nerves (lips)
- Temporal, masseter, rostral belly of digastricus, pterygoid

Question 3

Tongue innervation 
Rostral 2/3rds 
sensory somatic 
taste
Caudal 1/3rd
Sensory and taste 
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles

Answer 3

Rostral 2/3rds of the tongue 
Sensory somatic - Trigeminal 
Taste - Facial 
Caudal 1/3rd of the tongue
Sensory and taste -> glossopharyngeal 
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles 
Hypoglossal except mylohyoideus 
(innervated by mandibular branch of trigeminal)

Question 4

List the 4 muscles of facial expression and 5 muscles of mastication

Answer 4

Muscles of facial expression 
1) platysma muscle 
2) Orbicularis oris muscle 
3) Orbicularis oculi muscle 
4) Frontalis muscle 
Muscles of mastication 
1) temporal muscle
2) masseter muscle 
3) Buccinator muscle 
4) digastricus muscle
5) pterygoid muscle

Question 5

What are the 5 main branches off the external carotid artery

Answer 5

1) Internal carotid
2) occipital
3) lingual
4) facial
5) maxillary

Question 6

What is the main vein draining the head, the 2 veins that branch off and the veins within

Answer 6

External jugular veins

1) Linguofacial vein
- Fascial vein
- Lingual vein
2) Maxillary vein
- ophthalmic plexus

Question 7

What are the 12 cranial nerves

Answer 7

I) Olfactory
II) Optic
III) Oculomotor 
IV) Trochlea 
V) Trigeminal -> 3 branches -> 1. Ophthalmic 2. Maxillary 3. Mandibular 
VI) Abducens 
VII) Facial 
VIII) Vestibulocochlear 
IX) Glossopharyngeal 
X) Vagus 
XI) Accessory 
XII) Hypoglossal

Question 8

CNI name, function, where exit from skull and brain

Answer 8

Olfactory nerve
Function - olfaction, pheromone reception - via vomeronasal nerves
STAYS WITHIN SKULL - cribriform plate
Forebrain - telencephalon

Question 9

CNII name, function, where exit skull and brain

Answer 9

Optic nerve
Vision
Optic foramen
Forebrain - diencephalon

Question 10

CNIII name, function, where exit skull and brain

Answer 10

Oculomotor 
Ocular movement 
1. ventral, medial and dorsal recti, venral oblique, levator palpebrae muscles
2. parasymapthetic control of the iris 
Pupillary light reflex 
Orbital fissure 
Midbrain - mesencephalon

Question 11

CNIV name, function, where exit skull and brain

Answer 11

Trochlear nerve
ocular movement through dorsal oblique (inward eye rotation)
Orbital fissure
Midbrain - mesencephalon

Question 12

CNV name, function, where exit skull and brain

Answer 12

Trigeminal nerve 
Sensory to skin of face and mucous membranes of hear, motor to muscles of mastication 
1) opthalmic - orbital fissure 
2) maxillary - round foramen 
3) mandibular - oval foramen 
Hindbrain - myelencephalon

Question 13

CNVI name, function, where exit skull and brain

Answer 13

Abducens nerve
Ocular movement through lateral rectus and recrator bulbi
Orbital fissure
Hindbrain - myelencephalon

Question 14

CNVII name, function, where exit skull and brain

Answer 14

Facila nerve
Taste on rostral 2/3 of tongue, Motor muscles of facial expression, Parasympathetic to mandibular, sublingual, palatine, nasal and lacrimal gland
1. internal acoustic meatus 2. facial canal 3. stylomastoid foramen
Hindbrain - myelencephalon

Question 15

CNVIII name, function, where exit skull and brain

Answer 15

Vesibulocochlear nerve
Balance and hearing
STAYS WITHIN THE SKULL - to petrous temporal bone through internal acoustic meatus
Hindbrain - myelencephalon

Question 16

CNIX name, function, where exit skull and brain

Answer 16

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Taste of the caudal 1/3 of tongue, Sensory to pharynx, carotid sinus, Motor to stylopharyngeus muscle, Parasympathetic to parotid and zygomatic salivary gland, Swallowing
Jugular foramen within tympano-occiptal fissure
Hindbrain - myelencephalon

Question 17

CNX name, function, where exit skull and brain

Answer 17

Vagus nerve
Sensory to pharynx, larynx and viscera
Sensory to external ear canal, Taste on root of tongue and epiglottis, Parasympathetic to viscera, Motor to pharyngeal, laryngeal and oesophageal muscles
Jugular foramen within the tympano-occiptal fissure
Hindbrain - myelencephalon

Question 18

CNXI name, function, where exit skull and brain

Answer 18

Accessory nerve
Motor to trapezius and brachiocephalicus muscles, Intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the m. cricothyroideus
Jugular foramen within the Tympano-occiptal fissure
External branch enters skull through foramen magnum
HINDBRAIN - myelencephalon

Question 19

CNXII name, function, where exit skull and brain

Answer 19

Hypoglossal nerve
Motor to tongue muscles, Extrinsic tongue muscles -> styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus and geniohyoideus, Intrinsic tongue muscles
Hypoglossal canal
Hindbrain - myelencephalon

Question 20

What are the 3 nerves that innervate the eye muscles and what muscles are involved

Answer 20

1) Oculomotor
○ Parasympathetic to the iris -> closes
○ Also moves the eye -> Ventral oblique, medial, ventral and dorsal rectus is controlled by oculomotor
- Capillary light reflex that responds to light - autonomic -> later lecture
2) Trochlear
- dorsal oblique - moves inwards
3) Abducens
- lateral rectus - moves outwards and retractor bulbi m.

Question 21

What 3 muscles make up the femoral triangle

Answer 21

1) External abdominal oblique
2) sartorius
3) pectinus

Question 22

What are the boundaries of the inguinal ring

Answer 22

Medial - rectus adbominimis
Cranial - internal abdominal oblique
Lateral - external abdominal oblique
Caudal - external abdominal oblique and inguinal ligament

Question 23

What are the 4 things that move through the inguinal canal in the male

Answer 23

1) external pudendal artery and vein
2) genitofemoral nerve
3) spermatic cord - cremaster muscle, pampiniform plexus, ductus deferens
4) lymphactic duct

Question 24

What moves through the vascular lacuna and what is it

Answer 24

Vascular lacuna -> femoral triangle
femoral artery and vein
Saphenous nerve

Question 25

What is the muscle that works opposite to the retractor penis and where located

Answer 25

preputial muscle -> brings the penis forward

- extends from cranial to the umbilicus to just caudal to the preputial opening

Question 26

What is the main blood vessel that moves around the ilium

Answer 26

deep circumflex iliac vessels

Question 27

epiploic foramen what is it where located

Answer 27

Normal opening into the omental bursa and is a site for abnormal displacement of intestinal lops
- within greater omentum superficial and deep leaf

Question 28

Deep inguinal ring what are the 3 main boarders

Answer 28

1) inguinal ligament
2) rectus abdominis
3) internal abdominal oblique

Question 29

Inguinal ligament and pre-pubic tendon where originate and what border

Answer 29

Inguinal ligament -> caudal border of the external abdominal oblique which terminates on the iliopubic eminence and prepubic tendon
Prepubic tendon -> tendon of origin from the pectineus musclesand caudal to rectus abdominis

Question 30

Superficial inguinal ring where located

Answer 30

slit in aponeurosis (fascia of external abdominal oblique)

Question 31

What arteries does the cranial superficial epigastric vessels come from

Answer 31

1) aorta
2) subclavian artery
3) internal thoracic artery
4) cranial epigastric artery
5) cranial superficial epigastric

Question 32

What are the 5 main arteries off the aorta from the subclavian artery

Answer 32

1) subclavian artery
2) coeliac artery
3) testicular (ovarian) artery
4) deep circumflex iliac artery
5) internal iliac artery
6) external iliac artery

Question 33

What are the 2 main branches off the internal iliac artery

Answer 33

1) caudal gluteal artery
2) internal pudendal artery
- prostatic artery

Question 34

What are the main branches off the external iliac artery

Answer 34

1) deep femoral artery
a. pudendoepigastric trunk
- caudal epigastric
- - external pudendal
- - caudal superficial epigastric
2) femoral artery

Question 35

What are the 3 main branches of the coeliac artery

Answer 35

1) Hepatic artery
2) Left gastric artery
3) splenic artery

Question 36

Ovarian vein where does the left and right vein drain to

Answer 36

Left ovarian vein -> drain into renal vein

Right ovarian vein -> drain into vena cava

Question 37

what does the round ligament of the uterus attach to

Answer 37

vaginal process

Question 38

What are the 4 main attachments of the epididymis and where attach from and to

Answer 38

1. Proper ligament of the testis -> attaches the caudal pole of the testis to the tail of the epididymis
2. Ligament of the tail of the epididymis -> anchors the tail of the epididymis to the wall of the scrotum
   - Attaches to the scrotum
3. Mesorchium and mesepididymis
   ○ Mesepididymis -> attaches the testis to the body of the epididymis
4. Testicular bursa

Question 39

What are the 3 epaxial muscle types, muscles within and where run from

Answer 39

1) Transversospinalis system - deepest most medial
- > splenius, biventer, complexus
2) longissimus - from ilium to skull
- > lumbar, thoracic, cervical, capital
3) Iliocostalis - most lateral, from ilium to 7th cervical vertebrae
- lumbar and thoracic

Question 40

What are the 2 main hypaxial muscles

Answer 40

flex the spine
longus capitus
longus colli