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Physiology II > Repetition cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Repetition cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Formula for 1 heart cycle?

A

R1-R2 / [mm/s] = [s]

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2
Q

Formula for heart frequency?

A

Heart cycles pr. minute [BPM]

60s / time for one heart cycle [s]

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3
Q

Formula for stroke volume?

A

EDV - ESV = mL

volume after diastola - volume after systola

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4
Q

Formula for cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pushed out from LV –> systemic circulation

stroke volume x heart frequency = [mL]

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5
Q

3 ways to change the blood pressure?

A

cardiac output
heart frequency, stroke volume
constriction of vessels

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6
Q

Which two systems can regulate BP?

A

Nervous system and humoral system

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7
Q

Which hormone regulates BP and is influenced by both the nervous system and the humoral system?

A

ADH/Vasopressin

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8
Q

Where is ADH produced and how does it work?

A

Produced in hypothalamus, secreted by neurohypophysis. Retention of water in distal tubules of kidneys, constrictions of arterioles.

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9
Q

Agonist of ADH?

A

Aldosterone

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10
Q

What is Aldosterone and where is it produced?

A

Mineralocorticoid, produced in zona glomerulosa in adrenal cortex.

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11
Q

How does aldosterone work?

A

By sodium (Na+) conservation in distal tubules and collecting ducts of kidneys. Reabsorbtion of Na+ and excretion of K+

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12
Q

What id indirectly influenced by Aldosterone?

A

Water retention… retention of Na+ also holds back water

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13
Q

Antagonist of Aldosterone?

A

ANP –> atrial natriuretic peptide

Produced in right atrium of heart.

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14
Q

What is the RAS system?

A

renin, angiotensin system

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15
Q

How does RAS work?

A

angiotensinogen produced by liver –>angiotensin I (by renin)–>angiotensin II (by ACE) The hormones then provide vasoconstriction by muscle contractions of vessel walls

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16
Q

What does RAS stimulate?

A

Aldosterone production

17
Q

What is SAS?

A

Sympato Adrenal System

18
Q

How does SAS function?

A

Adrenal gland produce epinephrine and nor-epinephrine which stimulates the sympathetic and para-sympathetic nervous system.

19
Q

How does SAS work to increase BP?

A

Epinephrine stimulates fight or flight response and increase bloodflow to muscles and incr. cardiac output and blood sugar. It binds to alpha or beta receptors. Alpha in vessels –> vasoconstriction
Beta in heart –> incr. cardiac output

20
Q

How can we change heart frequency?

A

Emotional state, limbic system

21
Q

What is the basic regulatory system?

A

Consist of medulla oblongata, pons, (brainstem) and midbrain. Responsible for basic functions and regulation of homeostasis.

22
Q

What is formatio reticularis?

A

A branching of nerve fibres and nuclei in medulla oblongata,connected to the basic regulatory system.

23
Q

What are reflexes, and how can they regulate heart frequency?

A

By two antagonical heart rate controls:

Baroreceptors and Bainbridge reflex

24
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

are sensors located in the blood vessels of all vertebrate animals. They sense the blood pressure and relay the information to the brain, so that a proper blood pressure can be maintained

25
Q

What are bainbridge reflexes?

A

Also called atrial reflexes, is an increase in heart rate due to an increase in central venous pressure. Increased blood volume is detected by stretch receptors located in both atria at the venoatrial junctions.

26
Q

How is the Frank Starling law?

A

Greater strenght = greater contractions

27
Q

What are the vasodilators of endothelial cells?

A 
Nitric oxide
Prosta cyclins (susp. stability also)
28
Q

How can vessels be local regulators?

A

They regulate bloodflow according to the needs of the organs they interact with.

29
Q

Antagonist of nitric oxide?

A

Endothelin, produced by endothelial cells, vasoconstrictor.

30
Q

Functions of pre-capillary spinchters?

A

Capillariea have only one layer of endothelial cells, no smooth muscle layers.
Spinchters control the bloodflow into the capillary beds.

Physiology II (37 decks)

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