Renal/Urology Flashcards
triad of haemolytic uraemic syndrome
AKI
haemolytic anaemia
thrombocytopenia
CKD can lead to what complication that may cause fractures?
secondary hyperparathyroidism
define AKI in terms of urine output
<0.5ml/kg/hr
Define AKI in terms of creatinine
creatinint rise of >26mmol/l in 48 hours
OR
50%+ rise in serum creatinitne to occur within the past 7 days
which drugs should be stopped in AKI
NSAIDs
aminoglycosides
ACEis, ARBs
diuretics
treatment of hyperkalaemia
IV calcium gluconate
treatment of hyperphosphataemia in patients with CKD
sevelamer
how to screen for diabetic neurpathy?
albumin:creatinine ratio (early morning)
most common extra renal manifestation of ADPKD?
liver cysts
berry aneurysms
ABG in AKI
Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap
Maintenane fluids in children?
100ml per first 10kgs
50ml per next 10kgs
20ml for every subsequent kg
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
minimal change disease
indications for dialysis
hyperkalaemia
acidosis
uraemia
what drugs to stop in AKI
diuretics
ACE inhibitors
metformin
NSAIDs
blood results in haemolytic uraemic syndrome?
normocytic anaemia
thrombocytopenia
AKI
potassium requirement for adults per day in fluids?
1mmol/kg/day
water requirements for an adult in 24 hours?
25-30ml/kg/day
risk of 0.9% normal saline in patients that require a lot of fluid?
hyperchloraemic mtabolic acidosis
when is hartmann’s contraindicated
in patients weith hyperkalaemia
treatment of goodpasture’s syndrome
plasma exchange
steroids
cyclophosphamide
what is seen on renal biopsy in good pastures?
IgG deposits on the basement membrane
antihypertensive that may cause hyperkalaema
ACEi
how to move potassium from the extracellular compartment into cells?
insulin/dextrose infusion
nebulised salbutamol
what is rhabdomyolisis
destruction of skeletal muscle
Indication that kidney disease is chronic, not acute?
hypocalcaemia
what do the kidneys look like on ultrasound in chronic kidney failure?
bilateral small kidneys
why do patients with CKD get anaemic?
reduced erythropoetin
prevention of ascites
spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)
adverse effects of spironolactone
hyperkalaemia
gynaecomastia
haematrie following an URTI?
IgA nephropathy
what is stage 1 AKI?
creatinine increase in 1.5-1.9x the baseline
or 6 hours reduced urine output
what is stage 2 AKI?
creatinine increase 2-2.9x the baseline
or 12 hours reduced urine output
what is stage 3 AKI?
creatinine increase 3x baseline
what characterises diabetes insipidus
high plasma osmolality, low urine osmolality
what does IV calcium gluconate do?
stabilising the cardiac membrane (when a patient is hyperkalaemic)
Treatment of nephrotic syndrome/minimal change disease in children
oral steroids + urgent outpatient referral to paeds
what infection are people who have had organ transplants most likely to get?
cytomegalovirus
treatment of cytomegalovirus
ganciclovir
what causes peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis?
staph epidermidis
HSP classic symptoms
rash, joint pain, abdo pain, haematuria
treatment of rhabdomyolysis is?
rapid IV fluid hydration with normal saline
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
focal segmental glomeruloscerosis
urine sodium is high in….
acute tubular necrosis
urine sodium is low in….
pre renal uraemia
rhabdomyolusis causes what to happen to the kidneys
tubular cell necrosis
what is the effect on the parathyroid in CKD?
secondary hyperparathyroidism
blood in urine weeks after infection?
post strep glomerulonephritis
blood in urine days after infection?
IgA nephropathy
why is there a risk of thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome?
loss of antithrombin III
what happens to thyroxine in nephoritc syndrome?
low total thyroxine
sterile pyuria and white cell casts indicate…?
acute interstitial nephritis
causes of renal artery stenosis
atherosclerosis
fibromuscular dysplasia
how is amyloidosis diagnosed
rectal biopsy
