Renal/Urology

Question 1

triad of haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Answer 1

AKI
haemolytic anaemia
thrombocytopenia

Question 2

CKD can lead to what complication that may cause fractures?

Answer 2

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 3

define AKI in terms of urine output

Answer 3

<0.5ml/kg/hr

Question 4

Define AKI in terms of creatinine

Answer 4

creatinint rise of >26mmol/l in 48 hours

OR

50%+ rise in serum creatinitne to occur within the past 7 days

Question 5

which drugs should be stopped in AKI

Answer 5

NSAIDs
aminoglycosides
ACEis, ARBs
diuretics

Question 6

treatment of hyperkalaemia

Answer 6

IV calcium gluconate

Question 7

treatment of hyperphosphataemia in patients with CKD

Answer 7

sevelamer

Question 8

how to screen for diabetic neurpathy?

Answer 8

albumin:creatinine ratio (early morning)

Question 9

most common extra renal manifestation of ADPKD?

Answer 9

liver cysts

berry aneurysms

Question 10

ABG in AKI

Answer 10

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

Question 11

Maintenane fluids in children?

Answer 11

100ml per first 10kgs
50ml per next 10kgs
20ml for every subsequent kg

Question 12

most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Answer 12

minimal change disease

Question 13

indications for dialysis

Answer 13

hyperkalaemia
acidosis
uraemia

Question 14

what drugs to stop in AKI

Answer 14

diuretics
ACE inhibitors
metformin
NSAIDs

Question 15

blood results in haemolytic uraemic syndrome?

Answer 15

normocytic anaemia
thrombocytopenia
AKI

Question 16

potassium requirement for adults per day in fluids?

Answer 16

1mmol/kg/day

Question 17

water requirements for an adult in 24 hours?

Answer 17

25-30ml/kg/day

Question 18

risk of 0.9% normal saline in patients that require a lot of fluid?

Answer 18

hyperchloraemic mtabolic acidosis

Question 19

when is hartmann’s contraindicated

Answer 19

in patients weith hyperkalaemia

Question 20

treatment of goodpasture’s syndrome

Answer 20

plasma exchange
steroids
cyclophosphamide

Question 21

what is seen on renal biopsy in good pastures?

Answer 21

IgG deposits on the basement membrane

Question 22

antihypertensive that may cause hyperkalaema

Answer 22

ACEi

Question 23

how to move potassium from the extracellular compartment into cells?

Answer 23

insulin/dextrose infusion

nebulised salbutamol

Question 24

what is rhabdomyolisis

Answer 24

destruction of skeletal muscle

Question 25

Indication that kidney disease is chronic, not acute?

Answer 25

hypocalcaemia

Question 26

what do the kidneys look like on ultrasound in chronic kidney failure?

Answer 26

bilateral small kidneys

Question 27

why do patients with CKD get anaemic?

Answer 27

reduced erythropoetin

Question 28

prevention of ascites

Answer 28

spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)

Question 29

adverse effects of spironolactone

Answer 29

hyperkalaemia | gynaecomastia

Question 30

haematrie following an URTI?

Answer 30

IgA nephropathy

Question 31

what is stage 1 AKI?

Answer 31

creatinine increase in 1.5-1.9x the baseline or 6 hours reduced urine output

Question 32

what is stage 2 AKI?

Answer 32

creatinine increase 2-2.9x the baseline or 12 hours reduced urine output

Question 33

what is stage 3 AKI?

Answer 33

creatinine increase 3x baseline

Question 34

what characterises diabetes insipidus

Answer 34

high plasma osmolality, low urine osmolality

Question 35

what does IV calcium gluconate do?

Answer 35

stabilising the cardiac membrane (when a patient is hyperkalaemic)

Question 36

Treatment of nephrotic syndrome/minimal change disease in children

Answer 36

oral steroids + urgent outpatient referral to paeds

Question 37

what infection are people who have had organ transplants most likely to get?

Answer 37

cytomegalovirus

Question 38

treatment of cytomegalovirus

Answer 38

ganciclovir

Question 39

what causes peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 39

staph epidermidis

Question 40

HSP classic symptoms

Answer 40

rash, joint pain, abdo pain, haematuria

Question 41

treatment of rhabdomyolysis is?

Answer 41

rapid IV fluid hydration with normal saline

Question 42

most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Answer 42

focal segmental glomeruloscerosis

Question 43

urine sodium is high in....

Answer 43

acute tubular necrosis

Question 44

urine sodium is low in....

Answer 44

pre renal uraemia

Question 45

rhabdomyolusis causes what to happen to the kidneys

Answer 45

tubular cell necrosis

Question 46

what is the effect on the parathyroid in CKD?

Answer 46

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 47

blood in urine weeks after infection?

Answer 47

post strep glomerulonephritis

Question 48

blood in urine days after infection?

Answer 48

IgA nephropathy

Question 49

why is there a risk of thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 49

loss of antithrombin III

Question 50

what happens to thyroxine in nephoritc syndrome?

Answer 50

low total thyroxine

Question 51

sterile pyuria and white cell casts indicate...?

Answer 51

acute interstitial nephritis

Question 52

causes of renal artery stenosis

Answer 52

atherosclerosis | fibromuscular dysplasia

Question 53

how is amyloidosis diagnosed

Answer 53

rectal biopsy