Renal System

Question 1

What makes up the upper urinary tract?

Answer 1

Kidney and ureter

Question 2

What makes up the lower urinary tract?

Answer 2

Bladder and urethra

Question 3

How is the bladder specialised for the storage/voidance of urine?

Answer 3

Its ability to expand

Question 4

What type of epithelium lines the ureter to upper urethra?

Answer 4

Transitional epithelium (aka uroepithelium)

Question 5

How is the transitional epithelial lining of the ureter-upper urethra an adaptation?

Answer 5

Allows expansion

Question 6

What are the (7) functions of the kidneys?

Answer 6

Blood pH control
Fluid balance
Electrolyte balance 
BP control
Metabolism of waste products and drugs 
Stimulate RBC production
Required for calcium absorption

Question 7

Are the kidneys and proximal parts of the ureter intra- or retroperitoneal?

Answer 7

Retroperitoneal

Question 8

Where are distal parts of the ureters, bladder and proximal part of the urethra located?

Answer 8

The pelvis

Question 9

The pelvis is marked by the iliac crest at which vertebral level?

Answer 9

L4

Question 10

Where is the distal part of the urethra located?

Answer 10

In the perineum

Question 11

What protects the kidneys? (7)

Answer 11

Being retroperitoneal
Vertebral column
Ribs 11&12 
Skeletal muscle guarding 
Renal (deep) fascia 
Para-perinephric fat 
Renal capsule

Question 12

What is the arterial supply to the kidneys?

Answer 12

Right and left renal artery

Question 13

The ureter receives arterial supply from which 3 bilateral branches of the abdominal aorta along its length?

Answer 13

Renal
Gonadal
Aorta

Question 14

The renal arteries divide into _ segmental branches each to supply nephrons

Answer 14

5

Question 15

Which vein drains the kidneys?

Answer 15

Right and left renal vein

Question 16

Which, of the right and left renal vein, is shorter?

Answer 16

Right is shorter than left

Question 17

The right gonadal vein drains into the?

Answer 17

IVC

Question 18

The left gonadal vein drains into the?

Answer 18

Left renal vein

Question 19

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 19

The nephron

Question 20

What is the site for ultrafiltration?

Answer 20

The glomerulus

Question 21

The collecting duct passes through _________ to drain the modified filtrate through the ______ as urine

Answer 21

renal pyramid

renal papilla

Question 22

Urine drains from the kidneys’ collecting ducts into the minor then major ____ then into the renal _____ and then into the ureter

Answer 22

calyx

pelvis

Question 23

The diameter of urine drainage tubes increases until constriction at which junction?

Answer 23

Pelviuretic junction

Question 24

What can for from urine calcium salts and obstruct the urinary tract from within?

Answer 24

Renal calculi (aka kidney stones)

Question 25

What are possible sites of obstruction in the urinary tract? (3)

Answer 25

Pelviuretic junction Ureter crossing the anterior aspect of the common iliac artery Ureteric orifice

Question 26

How does the body respond to obstruction of ureter(s)?

Answer 26

Increasing peristalsis proximal to obstruction site to try and flush it towards the bladder

Question 27

Renal colic pain is caused by?

Answer 27

obstruction of the ureters

Question 28

The bladder releases urine during _______ via the ____-

Answer 28

Micturition | Urethra

Question 29

What lines the bladder wall?

Answer 29

Urothelium

Question 30

What does urothelium allow for?

Answer 30

Stretching

Question 31

Which part of the bladder is especially "stretchable"?

Answer 31

The apex of the bladder (rises as it fills)

Question 32

Which part of the bladder doesn't move or stretch?

Answer 32

Trigone

Question 33

What is the protective function of the trigone not stretching?

Answer 33

Helps prevent obstruction of origices

Question 34

What encircles uriteric orifices?

Answer 34

Detrusor muscle fibres

Question 35

Are detrusor muscle fibres smooth or skeletal muscle?

Answer 35

Smooth

Question 36

The detrusor muscles ____ during micturition

Answer 36

contract

Question 37

As the bladder fills, ____ receptors send signals that cause constriction and the feeling of having to pee

Answer 37

stretch

Question 38

The external urethral sphincter consists of smooth or skeletal muscle?

Answer 38

Skeletal

Question 39

The internal urethral sphincter prevents _______ and is only present in males

Answer 39

Ejaculatory reflux

Question 40

Why is the penile urethra called spongy urethra?

Answer 40

Because you can see erectile bodies and urethra passes through the corpus spongiosum

Question 41

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? What is its implication?

Answer 41

Non-cancerous hyperplasia in the transitional zone of the prostate that impinges on the prosthetic urethra leading to difficulty passing during, increase in urine frequency and involuntary urination in older men

Question 42

How is a urinary catheter placed?

Answer 42

Pass catheter thorugh genitalia into the bladder and then inflate

Question 43

What do you do if there is a blockage and the urinary catheter can't be inserted?

Answer 43

You can use a suprapubic catheter; into the bladder via the anterior abdominal wall

Question 44

Where should the urinary catheter bag be kept?

Answer 44

Inferior to the bladder so urincan flow easily

Question 45

The female urethra is short, distensible and opens into the?

Answer 45

Vestibule

Question 46

Why are UTIs more common in females than males?

Answer 46

Shorter distance so microbes don't need to travel as far

Question 47

What makes the female urethra distensible?

Answer 47

Elastic tissue in walls

Question 48

Obstruction within the calyces of the ureter causes _________ back-pressure of urine

Answer 48

Unilateral

Question 49

Obstruction within bladder may cause ___- or _________ kidney problems

Answer 49

Uni or bilateral

Question 50

Urine production continues unti leghe pressure in the urinary trac?

Answer 50

Exceeds the pressure favouring filtration at the glomerulus

Question 51

What is renal failure?

Answer 51

Failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urin