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First Year Anatomy (JBR) > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the upper urinary tract?

A

Kidney and ureter

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2
Q

What makes up the lower urinary tract?

A

Bladder and urethra

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3
Q

How is the bladder specialised for the storage/voidance of urine?

A

Its ability to expand

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4
Q

What type of epithelium lines the ureter to upper urethra?

A

Transitional epithelium (aka uroepithelium)

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5
Q

How is the transitional epithelial lining of the ureter-upper urethra an adaptation?

A

Allows expansion

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6
Q

What are the (7) functions of the kidneys?

A 
Blood pH control
Fluid balance
Electrolyte balance 
BP control
Metabolism of waste products and drugs 
Stimulate RBC production
Required for calcium absorption
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7
Q

Are the kidneys and proximal parts of the ureter intra- or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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8
Q

Where are distal parts of the ureters, bladder and proximal part of the urethra located?

A

The pelvis

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9
Q

The pelvis is marked by the iliac crest at which vertebral level?

A

L4

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10
Q

Where is the distal part of the urethra located?

A

In the perineum

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11
Q

What protects the kidneys? (7)

A 
Being retroperitoneal
Vertebral column
Ribs 11&12 
Skeletal muscle guarding 
Renal (deep) fascia 
Para-perinephric fat 
Renal capsule
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12
Q

What is the arterial supply to the kidneys?

A

Right and left renal artery

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13
Q

The ureter receives arterial supply from which 3 bilateral branches of the abdominal aorta along its length?

A

Renal
Gonadal
Aorta

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14
Q

The renal arteries divide into _ segmental branches each to supply nephrons

A

5

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15
Q

Which vein drains the kidneys?

A

Right and left renal vein

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16
Q

Which, of the right and left renal vein, is shorter?

A

Right is shorter than left

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17
Q

The right gonadal vein drains into the?

A

IVC

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18
Q

The left gonadal vein drains into the?

A

Left renal vein

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19
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

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20
Q

What is the site for ultrafiltration?

A

The glomerulus

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21
Q

The collecting duct passes through _________ to drain the modified filtrate through the ______ as urine

A

renal pyramid

renal papilla

22
Q

Urine drains from the kidneys’ collecting ducts into the minor then major ____ then into the renal _____ and then into the ureter

A

calyx

pelvis

23
Q

The diameter of urine drainage tubes increases until constriction at which junction?

A

Pelviuretic junction

24
Q

What can for from urine calcium salts and obstruct the urinary tract from within?

A

Renal calculi (aka kidney stones)

25
Q

What are possible sites of obstruction in the urinary tract? (3)

A

Pelviuretic junction
Ureter crossing the anterior aspect of the common iliac artery
Ureteric orifice

26
Q

How does the body respond to obstruction of ureter(s)?

A

Increasing peristalsis proximal to obstruction site to try and flush it towards the bladder

27
Q

Renal colic pain is caused by?

A

obstruction of the ureters

28
Q

The bladder releases urine during _______ via the ____-

A

Micturition

Urethra

29
Q

What lines the bladder wall?

A

Urothelium

30
Q

What does urothelium allow for?

A

Stretching

31
Q

Which part of the bladder is especially “stretchable”?

A

The apex of the bladder (rises as it fills)

32
Q

Which part of the bladder doesn’t move or stretch?

A

Trigone

33
Q

What is the protective function of the trigone not stretching?

A

Helps prevent obstruction of origices

34
Q

What encircles uriteric orifices?

A

Detrusor muscle fibres

35
Q

Are detrusor muscle fibres smooth or skeletal muscle?

A

Smooth

36
Q

The detrusor muscles ____ during micturition

A

contract

37
Q

As the bladder fills, ____ receptors send signals that cause constriction and the feeling of having to pee

A

stretch

38
Q

The external urethral sphincter consists of smooth or skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal

39
Q

The internal urethral sphincter prevents _______ and is only present in males

A

Ejaculatory reflux

40
Q

Why is the penile urethra called spongy urethra?

A

Because you can see erectile bodies and urethra passes through the corpus spongiosum

41
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? What is its implication?

A

Non-cancerous hyperplasia in the transitional zone of the prostate that impinges on the prosthetic urethra leading to difficulty passing during, increase in urine frequency and involuntary urination in older men

42
Q

How is a urinary catheter placed?

A

Pass catheter thorugh genitalia into the bladder and then inflate

43
Q

What do you do if there is a blockage and the urinary catheter can’t be inserted?

A

You can use a suprapubic catheter; into the bladder via the anterior abdominal wall

44
Q

Where should the urinary catheter bag be kept?

A

Inferior to the bladder so urincan flow easily

45
Q

The female urethra is short, distensible and opens into the?

A

Vestibule

46
Q

Why are UTIs more common in females than males?

A

Shorter distance so microbes don’t need to travel as far

47
Q

What makes the female urethra distensible?

A

Elastic tissue in walls

48
Q

Obstruction within the calyces of the ureter causes _________ back-pressure of urine

A

Unilateral

49
Q

Obstruction within bladder may cause ___- or _________ kidney problems

A

Uni or bilateral

50
Q

Urine production continues unti leghe pressure in the urinary trac?

A

Exceeds the pressure favouring filtration at the glomerulus

51
Q

What is renal failure?

A

Failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urin

First Year Anatomy (JBR) (14 decks)

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