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First Year Anatomy (JBR) > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What do neutrons consist of?

A

Dendrites
Body
Myelin sheath
Axon

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2
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Spaces between myelin sheath

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3
Q

Which, the CNS or PNS, typically has multiple nerve fibres surrounded by one myelin sheath and which is there usually only one nerve fibre?

A

CNS - multiple

PNS - single

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4
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Spinal nerves, cranial nerves, autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

Afferent neutrons are signals towards the __

A

CNS

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7
Q

Efferent signals are signals away from the __

A

CNS

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8
Q

Interneurons, relay and created circuits in the ___?

A

CNS

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9
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Site of chemical communication between 2 or more neurones

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10
Q

Chains or neurones usually are less than or equal to _ neurones in length

A

3

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11
Q

What does the somatic nervous system supply?

A

Body wall and external environment

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12
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system supply=

A

Visceral motor system and internal environment

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13
Q

What is the occipital lobe concerned with?

A

Vision and sight

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14
Q

What is the temporal lobe concerned with?

A

Speech production
Listening
Comprehension
Emotion

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15
Q

What is the frontal lobe concerned with?

A

Emotive planning
Conscience
Decisions

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16
Q

What is the parietal lobe concerned with?

A

Integration

Sensing

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17
Q

What is the cerebral neocortex?

A

Outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

What doe the cerebral neocortex consist of?

A

Gyri and sulci

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19
Q

The brain stem exits the cranial cavity via the?

A

Foramen magnum

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20
Q

The floor of the cranial cavity is split into?

A

Anterior middle and posterior cranial fossa

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21
Q

Which lobe is the anterior fossa associated with?

A

Frontal lobe

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22
Q

Which lobe is the middle cranial fossa associated with?

A

Temporal lobe

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23
Q

Which lobe is the posterior cranial fossa associated with?

A

Occipital lobe and cerebellum

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24
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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25
Q

What is the role of the midbrain?

A

Vision and hearing

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26
Q

Which part of the brain stem communicates with the cerebellum?

A

Pons

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27
Q

Which part of the brainstem becomes the spinal cord once is leaves the cranial vault via the foramen magnum?

A

Medulla oblongata

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28
Q

What are the 4 segments of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral/Coccycgeal

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29
Q

What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical

Lumbo-sacral

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30
Q

What are the enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Thickening of the spinal cord to accommodate increased nerve supply limbs to the limbs

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31
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Conus medullaris at L1/L2 intervertebral disc level

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32
Q

Where does the vertebral column end?

A

Cauda equina

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33
Q

What is the grey matter of the brain?

A

Outer area full of cell bodies in the cerebral cortex of the brain

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34
Q

What is the white matter of the brain?

A

Inner area containing many axons - myelinated to give white appearance

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35
Q

Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres come together in connective tissue layers called?

A

Endoneurium

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36
Q

Endoneurium is collected together in the?

A

Perinueium

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37
Q

Perineurium is surrounded by blood vessels and fibrobfatty tissue which is all surrounded by?

A

Epineurium

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38
Q

Spinal nerves are only located within?

A

Intervertebral foraminae

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39
Q

Posterior rootlets and roots are?

A

Sensory

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40
Q

Anterior rootlets and roots are?

A

Motor

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41
Q

Spinal nerves are?

A

Mixed

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42
Q

Posterior and anterior rami are?

A

Mixed

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43
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

44
Q

Where is cervical spinal nerve 8?

A

Between C7 and T1

45
Q

Besides the cervical, the spinal nerves are named according to the vertebrae ______ it

A

above

46
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there=

A

12

47
Q

How many lumber spinal nerves are there?

A

5

48
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5

49
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1

50
Q

Each pair of spinal nerves supplies one strip of body wall. Which rami supplies the posterior paramedian aspect?

A

Posterior rami

51
Q

Which rami supplies the lateral and anterior segments and the posterior paralateral aspect?

A

Anterior rami

52
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Area of skin supplied both by th anterior and posterior rami of a spinal nerve

53
Q

Where is T4 dermatome?

A

Male nipple

54
Q

Where is the T1 dermatome?

A

Umbilicus

55
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Network of intertwined anterior rami

56
Q

Which spinal nerves are part of the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4 anterior rami

57
Q

What does the cervical plexus supply?

A

Posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm

58
Q

Which spinal nerves are involved in the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1 anterior rami

59
Q

What does the brachial plexus supply?

A

Upper limb

60
Q

Which spinal nerves are involved in the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4 anterior rami

61
Q

What does the lumber plexus supply?

A

Lower limb

62
Q

Which spinal nerves are involved in the sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4 anterior rami

63
Q

What does the sacral plexus supply?

A

Lower limb
Gluteal region
Perineum

64
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves originate from in the brain?

A

Autonomic centres

65
Q

Where does sympathetic outflow exit the spinal cord?

A

between T1 and L2

66
Q

Which part of the spinal cord has lateral horns for cell bodies of the sympathetic neurones in the chain?

A

T1 - L2

67
Q

Sympathetic axons within the spinal nerve anterior or posterior ramus pass into _____ nerves to eventually supply organs

A

splanchnic

68
Q

From the anterior/posterior rami the impulse travels t other paravertebral ganglion of the sympathetic trunk via the?

A

Rami communicans

69
Q

All parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via?

A

CN III, VII, IX and X and sacral spinal nerves

70
Q

Where does cranio-sacral parasympathetic outflow go?

A

Internal organs

71
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia in the head head to which glands=

A

Lacrimal (tear duct)

Salivary

72
Q

The vagus nerve supplies the organs of the neck chest and?

A

Abdomen (as far as the midgut)

73
Q

Sacral spinal nerves ‘carry’ parasympathetic axons to the?

A

Hindgut, pelvis and perineum

74
Q

Both the organs and special sense organs receive their motor supply from?

A

the Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic/parasympathetic nerves)

75
Q

Sensory supply to the organs is?

A

Visceral afferent

76
Q

For special sensory organs the supply is from?

A

Special sensory nerves

77
Q

Somatic sensation is detected by which receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Thermoceptors
Nociceptors

78
Q

What is the somatic sensory pathway?

A

Sensory receptor to dorsal horn;
synapse in the CNS onto a 2nd order neurone and tract up in white matter and then synapse in the thalamus (3rd order neurone)
goes to the appropriate region in the cerebral cortex (specific to the part of the body wall stimulated)

79
Q

The sensory homunculus shows?

A

Areas of the primary somatosensory part of of cerebral cortex where sensations from each body wall structure reach consciousness - size indicates sensitivity

80
Q

Upper motor neurones originate from _____ side from the movement? The axons ___ the brainstem

A

opposite

cross

81
Q

Lower motor neutrons originate from the ____ side as movement

A

same

82
Q

Lower motor neurones connect to?

A

Skeletal muscle

83
Q

Where do motor APs originate for planned movement?

A

Frontal lobe

84
Q

Which frontal lobe originates the AP for contraction of a right sided skeletal muscle to make a movement?

A

Left frontal lobe

85
Q

Where is the primary somatomotor area in the brain?

A

Frontal lobe

86
Q

APs conducted via an upper motor neurones cross in the?

A

Brainstem

87
Q

Outline the course of an AP created in the left primary somatosensory cortex?

A 
AP conducted via UMN axon
Cross in brainstem
Reach anterior horn of L3 spinal cord 
UMN synapse with LMN stimulating AP 
Continues along axon to L3 spinal nerve 
AP continues to (either) anterior ramus 
(often weave through lumber plexus) 
AP reaches NMJ of supplied muscle
88
Q

Spinal reflexes miss out the pathway to the __ resulting in ______, extremely rapid response

A

brain

involuntary

89
Q

Deep tendon reflexes prevent?

A

Outstretching of tendons

90
Q

How is jerking prevent in reflexes?

A

Brain send down inhibitory signals (descending controls) to prevent jerking

91
Q

What is paralysis?

A

Muscle without functioning lower motor neurone

Can’t contract, decreased muscle tone

92
Q

What is spasticity?

A

Muscle has intact LMN but descending controls from the brain don’t work
More jerkily
increase muscle tone

93
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation (fight/flight response)?

A 
Pupils dilate 
HR increases
Bronchioles dilate
GIT motility decreases and sphincters close
Glucose released from liver into blood 
Adrenaline/Noradrenaline released
Arterioles diate in scelta muscle and constrict 
Hair on skin stand up 
Sweat produced
94
Q

What type of outflow do sympathetic nerves have?

A

Thoracolumbar

95
Q

Sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord and travel to _______ running the lengths of the vertebral column

A

Sympathetic chains

96
Q

Sympathetic nerves have a longer __ganglionic neurone the ___ganglionic

A

post-

pre-

97
Q

Autonomic fibres descend from the brain to the lateral horns of the?

A

Spinal cord

98
Q

Sympathetic axons leave the signal cord in?

A

Anterior rootlets/roots

99
Q

Anterior rootlets/roots become _________- within spinal nerve anterior or posterior ramus?

A

Sympathetic axons

100
Q

Via which structure is the anterior or posterior ramus connect to the paravertebral ganglion of the sympathetic trunk?

A

Rami communicans

101
Q

What are the 3 routes of sympathetic outflow?

A
  1. Synapse and postganglionic axon travel via anterior/posterior rami to target
  2. Synapse and postganglionic axon travel along sympathetic chain to target
  3. Don’t synapse and travel through the ganglion to form splanchnic nerve then in pre vertebral ganglion
102
Q

Post ganglionic axons to fore, mid and hangout organs originate from?

A

Prevertebral ganglia and sympathetic supply supply to adrenal medulla

103
Q

The parasympathetic division of the ANS supplies the same internal organs as sympathetic but doesn’t supply?

A

Body wall organs and arterioles

104
Q

Parasympathetic Division is responsible for?

A

Rest and digest: return to homeostasis

105
Q

The preganglionic neurone for parasympathetic is ___ than the post-ganglinoic

A

longer

106
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia lie close to or even on the wall of the?

A

Target organ

First Year Anatomy (JBR) (14 decks)

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