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First Year Anatomy (JBR) > Joints and Dislocations > Flashcards

Joints and Dislocations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleton made of?

A

Bones and cartilage

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2
Q

What is bone made of?

A

Hard connective tissue

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3
Q

What are the (4) main functions of bones?

A

Support & Protection
Calcium Metabolism
Red blood cell formation
Attachment (for skeletal muscles)

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4
Q

What defines cartilages and where is it located?

A

Less rigid than bone

Located where mobility is required at articulation (joints)

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5
Q

What are the three types of joints and their relative stability & mobility?

A

Fibrous - most stable / least mobile
Cartilaginous - moderate stability / mobility
Synovial - least stable / most mobile

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6
Q

What are the subtypes of Fibrous joints and their features

A

Syndesmoses - unite bones with fibrous sheet (partially movable)
Sutures - highly stable

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7
Q

What is an example of a Syndesmoses?

A

Interrousseous membrane between the fibula and tibia

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8
Q

What is an example of a suture?

A

Coronal suture

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9
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Essentially precursors to sutures - found in neonatal skull - allow growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to ‘slide’ over each other –> make’s baby’s head smaller for passage through birth canal

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10
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Primary and secondary

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11
Q

What distinguishes primary cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses: Bones joined by hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

What is the function of synchondroses?

A

Permit growth in length of bone / ossification and fusion

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13
Q

What distinguishes secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

Symphyses:

  • strong
  • slightly movable
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14
Q

A slipped disc can compress which neural structures?

A

Spinal cord or spinal nerves

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15
Q

What are the 8 typical features of synovial joints?

A
  1. Two or more bones articulating with each other
  2. Articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage
  3. Capsule (wraps around joint)
  4. Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid)
  5. (Supported by) ligaments
  6. Associated with skeletal muscle & their tendons
  7. Associated with bursae
  8. Often have special features (unique to each joint)
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16
Q

What makes up a capsule in a synovial joint?

A

Superficial strong fibrous layer + deeper synovial membrane layer (secretes synovial fluid)

17
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Fibrous bands from bone to bone

18
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Strengthen and improve stability of the joint

19
Q

In what way is hyaline cartilage involved in osteoarthritis?

A

Doesn’t grow back very well

20
Q

What is the function of bursae?

A

Prevent friction around the joint

21
Q

What are tendons?

A

Fibrous bands from muscle to bone

22
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joints?

A

Pivot, Plane, Hinge, Biaxial, Ball & Socket

23
Q

What is the range of movement of a pivot (synovial) joint?

A

> 45° of “shaking the head” rotation

E.g. Atlanto-axial joint

24
Q

What is the ROM of a ball & socket (synovial) joint?

A

Good ranges of multi-axial movement (e.g. circumduction)

E.g. Hip joint

25
Q

What is the ROM of a plane (synovial) joint?

A

Minimal movement in one plane

E.g. Acromioclavicular joint

26
Q

What is the ROM of a hinge (synovial) joint?

A

Reasonable movement in one plane

E.g. Elbow joint

27
Q

What ist the ROM of a biaxial (synovial joint)?

A

Reasonable ROM in one plane and less in another

E.g. Caropometacarpal joint

28
Q

What is mobility and stability determined by?

A

Joint type, i.e. shape & fit

29
Q

What is hypermobility?

A

Pathological or physiological increased mobility at joints

30
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

31
Q

What is dislocation?

A

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

32
Q

What is the Temporomandibular joint?

A

Each TMJ is the synovial articulation between the mandibular fossa & the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superior and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly

33
Q

The articular disc of the TMJ divides the joint into ___?

A

superior & inferior cavity

34
Q

Muscles in the TMJ _____ to allow the mouth to open wide

A

naturally subluxes

35
Q

What happens in dislocation of the TMJ?

A

the head of the condylar process of the mandible becomes ‘stuck’ anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone

36
Q

What is proprioception

A

Allows brain to sense where something (e.g. joint) is in space

37
Q

What are periarticular arterial anastomoses?

A 
periarticular = around the joint
anatomises = connection between arteries
38
Q

What is the purpose of anastomoses?

A

Prevents blood flow restriction to the joint when the muscle flexes - can be dangerously compromised during dislocation

First Year Anatomy (JBR) (14 decks)

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