Bones and Fractures Flashcards
What are the two parts of bone structure and what distinguishes them?
Outer cortex (dense/strong/compact (cortical) bone) Inner medulla (porous, weaker, lighter - spongy (trabecular/cancellous bone))
What is the function of bone marrow in hematopoietic bones
Red & white blood cell production
What is the ‘covering’ of bone called and what is it made of?
Periosteum - fibrous connective tissue
What is the function of the periosteum
Vascularisation (nutrient vessels) and Innervation
What is Endochondral Ossification?
Process in which an Initial small hyaline cartilage version grows and ossifies (turns into bone)
List the 4 parts of a developing bone
Epiphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, metaphysis, diaphysis
When does bone growth stop?
When the hyaline cartilage finally ossifies
What is the function of the primary and secondary ossification centre
Primary ossification centre: causes the bone to grow
Secondary ossification centre: cause carriage cells to form bone cells and leave a layer of cartilage called the epiphyseal growth plate
What are the 5 types of bones?
Flat / Long / Irregular / Sesamoid / Short
What is the function of a flat bone?
Protection
What is the shape of a short bone? Name an example
Cuboidal - Carpal / Tarsal bones
What identifies a sesamoid bone?
Has some tendons inside to prevent friction of bi-mechanical movement
Which (2) features of the neck of the femur contribute to an increased incidence of fractures
Less compact bone & thin/angled structure
What is the sequence of fracture healing?
Trauma - Fracture - Initial healing: callus - Callus remodelling (reassuming normal shape - Healed
What does “surgically reduced” fracture / surgically “fixed” fracture mean?
Reduce: bone ends realigned
Fixed: Bone ends held in correct alignment
What causes the development of bony features?
Functional (genetic) / Adjacent structures applying force moulding the bone’s shape / Adjacent structure is developing at the same time /Bone has to grow around another structure (forming foramen (hole))
What is a:
- tubercule? tuberosity?
- Trochanter?Condyle? Malleolus?
- Stylus?
- Enlarged / even larger bump
- round / very large round / small round surface
- pointy part
The floor of the cranial cavity is divided into which 3 fosse?
Anterior / Middle / Posterior cranial fossa
What is a foramina?
“Hole” for cranial nerves & the brain’s blood vessels to pass into/out of the cranial cavity
What constitutes the axial skeleton?
Bones of the skull, neck, and trunk
What constitutes the appendicular skeleton?
Bone of the pectoral / pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs
What is the pectoral girdle?
Attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton (Chest/breast)
The left zygoma attaches to _____ and forms the zygomatic arch
temple bone
The maxilla houses the…?
Upper set of teeth
The mandible controls the…?
Lower set of teeth and jaw
What are the three types of “Le Fort Fractures”?
Maxilla (sometimes causes floating pallet) / Pyramidal / Cranial or facial dislocation
What comprises the neurocranium?
The bones of the cranial vault
What comprises the viscerocranium?
The bones of the face
What constitutes the vertebral column? (Types of vertebrae and numbers)
Cervical (C1-C7) / Thoracic (T1-T12) / Lumbar (L1-L5) / Sacral (5 fused to form sacrum) / Coccygeal (4 fused to form coccyx)
What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?
Primary / Kyphotic and secondary / Lordoctic curvature
The vertebral arch consists of ____?
2 pedicles and 2 lamina
Where do intervertebral foramen form?
Between adjacent vertebrae
Where are facet joints located?
Between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae
All cervical vertebrae have a….?
Transverse foramen and passage of vertebral arteries
What identifies C1 (Atlas)?
Doesn’t have a body or spinous process & has a posterior and anterior arch instead
What identifies C2 (Axis)?
Has an odontoid process (dens) - projects superiorly from the body
Which vertebrae is “vertebrae prominens”
C7 - first palpable spinous process in majority of people
What comprises the rib cage?
1-7: True Ribs
8-10: False Ribs
11&12: Floating ribs
What distinguishes a ‘true rib’?
Attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum
What distinguishes a false rib?
Attach via the costal cartilage above to the sternum
What distinguishes a floating rib?
No attachment to sternum
Why is Rib 1 less likely to fracture than other ribs?
Protected by the clavicle
Why are the sharp ends of fractured ribs dangerous?
Potential to pierce soft tissues or organs deep to the ribcage (lung, liver, spleen)
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
2 scapulae, 2 clavicles
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones & sacrum
What makes up the upper limb?
Arm, forearm, hand
What makes up the lower limb?
Thigh, leg, foot
What is the name of the long bone in the arm?
Humerus
What are the 2 long bones in the forearm=
Radius and Ulna
What are the bones in the hand?
Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
What is the long bone in the thigh?
Femur
What are the 2 long bones in the leg?
Tibia and fibula
What are the bones in the foot?
Tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges
