Bones and Fractures

Question 1

What are the two parts of bone structure and what distinguishes them?

Answer 1

Outer cortex (dense/strong/compact (cortical) bone) 
Inner medulla (porous, weaker, lighter - spongy (trabecular/cancellous bone))

Question 2

What is the function of bone marrow in hematopoietic bones

Answer 2

Red & white blood cell production

Question 3

What is the ‘covering’ of bone called and what is it made of?

Answer 3

Periosteum - fibrous connective tissue

Question 4

What is the function of the periosteum

Answer 4

Vascularisation (nutrient vessels) and Innervation

Question 5

What is Endochondral Ossification?

Answer 5

Process in which an Initial small hyaline cartilage version grows and ossifies (turns into bone)

Question 6

List the 4 parts of a developing bone

Answer 6

Epiphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, metaphysis, diaphysis

Question 7

When does bone growth stop?

Answer 7

When the hyaline cartilage finally ossifies

Question 8

What is the function of the primary and secondary ossification centre

Answer 8

Primary ossification centre: causes the bone to grow
Secondary ossification centre: cause carriage cells to form bone cells and leave a layer of cartilage called the epiphyseal growth plate

Question 9

What are the 5 types of bones?

Answer 9

Flat / Long / Irregular / Sesamoid / Short

Question 10

What is the function of a flat bone?

Answer 10

Protection

Question 11

What is the shape of a short bone? Name an example

Answer 11

Cuboidal - Carpal / Tarsal bones

Question 12

What identifies a sesamoid bone?

Answer 12

Has some tendons inside to prevent friction of bi-mechanical movement

Question 13

Which (2) features of the neck of the femur contribute to an increased incidence of fractures

Answer 13

Less compact bone & thin/angled structure

Question 14

What is the sequence of fracture healing?

Answer 14

Trauma - Fracture - Initial healing: callus - Callus remodelling (reassuming normal shape - Healed

Question 15

What does “surgically reduced” fracture / surgically “fixed” fracture mean?

Answer 15

Reduce: bone ends realigned

Fixed: Bone ends held in correct alignment

Question 16

What causes the development of bony features?

Answer 16

Functional (genetic) / Adjacent structures applying force moulding the bone’s shape / Adjacent structure is developing at the same time /Bone has to grow around another structure (forming foramen (hole))

Question 17

What is a:

1. tubercule? tuberosity?
2. Trochanter?Condyle? Malleolus?
3. Stylus?

Answer 17

1. Enlarged / even larger bump
2. round / very large round / small round surface
3. pointy part

Question 18

The floor of the cranial cavity is divided into which 3 fosse?

Answer 18

Anterior / Middle / Posterior cranial fossa

Question 19

What is a foramina?

Answer 19

“Hole” for cranial nerves & the brain’s blood vessels to pass into/out of the cranial cavity

Question 20

What constitutes the axial skeleton?

Answer 20

Bones of the skull, neck, and trunk

Question 21

What constitutes the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 21

Bone of the pectoral / pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs

Question 22

What is the pectoral girdle?

Answer 22

Attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton (Chest/breast)

Question 23

The left zygoma attaches to _____ and forms the zygomatic arch

Answer 23

temple bone

Question 24

The maxilla houses the…?

Answer 24

Upper set of teeth

Question 25

The mandible controls the...?

Answer 25

Lower set of teeth and jaw

Question 26

What are the three types of "Le Fort Fractures"?

Answer 26

Maxilla (sometimes causes floating pallet) / Pyramidal / Cranial or facial dislocation

Question 27

What comprises the neurocranium?

Answer 27

The bones of the cranial vault

Question 28

What comprises the viscerocranium?

Answer 28

The bones of the face

Question 29

What constitutes the vertebral column? (Types of vertebrae and numbers)

Answer 29

Cervical (C1-C7) / Thoracic (T1-T12) / Lumbar (L1-L5) / Sacral (5 fused to form sacrum) / Coccygeal (4 fused to form coccyx)

Question 30

What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?

Answer 30

Primary / Kyphotic and secondary / Lordoctic curvature

Question 31

The vertebral arch consists of ____?

Answer 31

2 pedicles and 2 lamina

Question 32

Where do intervertebral foramen form?

Answer 32

Between adjacent vertebrae

Question 33

Where are facet joints located?

Answer 33

Between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae

Question 34

All cervical vertebrae have a....?

Answer 34

Transverse foramen and passage of vertebral arteries

Question 35

What identifies C1 (Atlas)?

Answer 35

Doesn't have a body or spinous process & has a posterior and anterior arch instead

Question 36

What identifies C2 (Axis)?

Answer 36

Has an odontoid process (dens) - projects superiorly from the body

Question 37

Which vertebrae is "vertebrae prominens"

Answer 37

C7 - first palpable spinous process in majority of people

Question 38

What comprises the rib cage?

Answer 38

1-7: True Ribs 8-10: False Ribs 11&12: Floating ribs

Question 39

What distinguishes a 'true rib'?

Answer 39

Attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum

Question 40

What distinguishes a false rib?

Answer 40

Attach via the costal cartilage above to the sternum

Question 41

What distinguishes a floating rib?

Answer 41

No attachment to sternum

Question 42

Why is Rib 1 less likely to fracture than other ribs?

Answer 42

Protected by the clavicle

Question 43

Why are the sharp ends of fractured ribs dangerous?

Answer 43

Potential to pierce soft tissues or organs deep to the ribcage (lung, liver, spleen)

Question 44

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 44

2 scapulae, 2 clavicles

Question 45

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

Answer 45

2 hip bones & sacrum

Question 46

What makes up the upper limb?

Answer 46

Arm, forearm, hand

Question 47

What makes up the lower limb?

Answer 47

Thigh, leg, foot

Question 48

What is the name of the long bone in the arm?

Answer 48

Humerus

Question 49

What are the 2 long bones in the forearm=

Answer 49

Radius and Ulna

Question 50

What are the bones in the hand?

Answer 50

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Question 51

What is the long bone in the thigh?

Answer 51

Femur

Question 52

What are the 2 long bones in the leg?

Answer 52

Tibia and fibula

Question 53

What are the bones in the foot?

Answer 53

Tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges