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First Year Anatomy (JBR) > Bones and Fractures > Flashcards

Bones and Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of bone structure and what distinguishes them?

A 
Outer cortex (dense/strong/compact (cortical) bone) 
Inner medulla (porous, weaker, lighter - spongy (trabecular/cancellous bone))
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2
Q

What is the function of bone marrow in hematopoietic bones

A

Red & white blood cell production

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3
Q

What is the ‘covering’ of bone called and what is it made of?

A

Periosteum - fibrous connective tissue

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4
Q

What is the function of the periosteum

A

Vascularisation (nutrient vessels) and Innervation

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5
Q

What is Endochondral Ossification?

A

Process in which an Initial small hyaline cartilage version grows and ossifies (turns into bone)

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6
Q

List the 4 parts of a developing bone

A

Epiphysis, epiphyseal growth plate, metaphysis, diaphysis

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7
Q

When does bone growth stop?

A

When the hyaline cartilage finally ossifies

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8
Q

What is the function of the primary and secondary ossification centre

A

Primary ossification centre: causes the bone to grow
Secondary ossification centre: cause carriage cells to form bone cells and leave a layer of cartilage called the epiphyseal growth plate

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9
Q

What are the 5 types of bones?

A

Flat / Long / Irregular / Sesamoid / Short

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10
Q

What is the function of a flat bone?

A

Protection

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11
Q

What is the shape of a short bone? Name an example

A

Cuboidal - Carpal / Tarsal bones

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12
Q

What identifies a sesamoid bone?

A

Has some tendons inside to prevent friction of bi-mechanical movement

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13
Q

Which (2) features of the neck of the femur contribute to an increased incidence of fractures

A

Less compact bone & thin/angled structure

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14
Q

What is the sequence of fracture healing?

A

Trauma - Fracture - Initial healing: callus - Callus remodelling (reassuming normal shape - Healed

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15
Q

What does “surgically reduced” fracture / surgically “fixed” fracture mean?

A

Reduce: bone ends realigned

Fixed: Bone ends held in correct alignment

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16
Q

What causes the development of bony features?

A

Functional (genetic) / Adjacent structures applying force moulding the bone’s shape / Adjacent structure is developing at the same time /Bone has to grow around another structure (forming foramen (hole))

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17
Q

What is a:

  1. tubercule? tuberosity?
  2. Trochanter?Condyle? Malleolus?
  3. Stylus?
A
  1. Enlarged / even larger bump
  2. round / very large round / small round surface
  3. pointy part
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18
Q

The floor of the cranial cavity is divided into which 3 fosse?

A

Anterior / Middle / Posterior cranial fossa

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19
Q

What is a foramina?

A

“Hole” for cranial nerves & the brain’s blood vessels to pass into/out of the cranial cavity

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20
Q

What constitutes the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of the skull, neck, and trunk

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21
Q

What constitutes the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bone of the pectoral / pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs

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22
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

Attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton (Chest/breast)

23
Q

The left zygoma attaches to _____ and forms the zygomatic arch

A

temple bone

24
Q

The maxilla houses the…?

A

Upper set of teeth

25
Q

The mandible controls the…?

A

Lower set of teeth and jaw

26
Q

What are the three types of “Le Fort Fractures”?

A

Maxilla (sometimes causes floating pallet) / Pyramidal / Cranial or facial dislocation

27
Q

What comprises the neurocranium?

A

The bones of the cranial vault

28
Q

What comprises the viscerocranium?

A

The bones of the face

29
Q

What constitutes the vertebral column? (Types of vertebrae and numbers)

A

Cervical (C1-C7) / Thoracic (T1-T12) / Lumbar (L1-L5) / Sacral (5 fused to form sacrum) / Coccygeal (4 fused to form coccyx)

30
Q

What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Primary / Kyphotic and secondary / Lordoctic curvature

31
Q

The vertebral arch consists of ____?

A

2 pedicles and 2 lamina

32
Q

Where do intervertebral foramen form?

A

Between adjacent vertebrae

33
Q

Where are facet joints located?

A

Between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae

34
Q

All cervical vertebrae have a….?

A

Transverse foramen and passage of vertebral arteries

35
Q

What identifies C1 (Atlas)?

A

Doesn’t have a body or spinous process & has a posterior and anterior arch instead

36
Q

What identifies C2 (Axis)?

A

Has an odontoid process (dens) - projects superiorly from the body

37
Q

Which vertebrae is “vertebrae prominens”

A

C7 - first palpable spinous process in majority of people

38
Q

What comprises the rib cage?

A

1-7: True Ribs
8-10: False Ribs
11&12: Floating ribs

39
Q

What distinguishes a ‘true rib’?

A

Attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum

40
Q

What distinguishes a false rib?

A

Attach via the costal cartilage above to the sternum

41
Q

What distinguishes a floating rib?

A

No attachment to sternum

42
Q

Why is Rib 1 less likely to fracture than other ribs?

A

Protected by the clavicle

43
Q

Why are the sharp ends of fractured ribs dangerous?

A

Potential to pierce soft tissues or organs deep to the ribcage (lung, liver, spleen)

44
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

2 scapulae, 2 clavicles

45
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

2 hip bones & sacrum

46
Q

What makes up the upper limb?

A

Arm, forearm, hand

47
Q

What makes up the lower limb?

A

Thigh, leg, foot

48
Q

What is the name of the long bone in the arm?

A

Humerus

49
Q

What are the 2 long bones in the forearm=

A

Radius and Ulna

50
Q

What are the bones in the hand?

A

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

51
Q

What is the long bone in the thigh?

A

Femur

52
Q

What are the 2 long bones in the leg?

A

Tibia and fibula

53
Q

What are the bones in the foot?

A

Tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges

First Year Anatomy (JBR) (14 decks)

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