Endocrine System Flashcards
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Manufacture, storage and release of hormones
The endocrine system is involved in regulating? (4)
Metabolism
Growth
Reproductive functions
Body’s stress response
Hormone levels are usually maintained by?
Negative feedback
Functioning endocrine gland tumour may cause?
Hyposecretion or Hypersecretion
What are the main endocrine glands in the cranial cavity?
Hypotahlamus
Pituitary gland
What are the main endocrine glands in the neck?
4 parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
What are the main endocrine glands in the abdomen?
2 adrenal glands
Pancreas
What are the main endocrine glands in the pelvis?
2 ovaries - females
2 testes - males
What makes up the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Where is the diencephalon located?
Central core of the cerebrum
The pituitary gland is n extension of the? What connects them?
Hypothalamus
Infundibulum
The pituitary gland is divided into which lobes?
Anterior and posterior
What is also known as the neurohypophysis?
The posterior pituitary gland
Axons from the hypothalamus project through the _____– to the posterior pituitary
infundibulum
What does the posterior pituitary gland manufacture?
Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)
Where are oxytocin and ADH produced?
In the soma (nucleus) of the posterior pituitary gland
What is the function of oxytocin?
Allows social bonding
Women sense movement of breast milk from breast to nipple
Stimulates contraction in uterus
What transports oxytocin and ADH from the soma to the axoplasm in the post. pituitary gland?
Axoplasmic (neurosecretory) transport
What are the two types of hormones that the hypothalamic neurone secrete?
Releasing
Release-inhibitory hormones
Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate?
Anterior pituitary gland to release its hormone(s) into the bloodstream
Release-inhibitory hormones form the hypothalamus prevent?
Anterior pituitary gland from releasing hormone(s)
What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?
Growth hormone Prolactin TSH Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH - effect on adrenal glands) Lutenising hormone FSH
The anterior pituitary gland secretes its hormones into the SVC via?
The hypophyseal veins
What is a portal system?
Two venous capillary beds joined by a portal vein
The thyroid gland uses iodine to manufacture?
Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
What do the thyroid hormones regulate?
Metabolism and stimulate growth
The 4 parathyroid glands manufacture and secrete?
The parathyroid hormone (PTH)
How is PTH release controlled?
Gland monitors and responds to blood Ca2+ directly
What does the PTH control?
Calcium in the blood and bone
Besides bone and blood, what depends on calcium control?
Nerve function
Whatere are the parathyroid glands located?
In the posterior aspect of the larynx and trachea
Which branches of the aorta supply the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
Right inferior thyroid arteries
Left thyroid artery (comes off the common carotid artery)
What is the venous drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
Right superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins into the SVC
Where is the pancreas located?
Retroperitoneal overlying the L1 and L2 vertebrae
What are the anatomical relations of the pancreas?
Post. to the stomach
Anterior to IVC and SVC
Between duodenum and spleen
What is the arterial blood supply to the pancreas?
Coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery
Venous blood from the pancreas drains into?
Splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein
Then into the hepatic portal vein
Where are the adrenal glands?
Retroperitoneal on top of the kidneys
What separates the adrenal glands from the kidneys?
Fascial septum
What are the 2 anatomical parts of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
Glucocosteroids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens
What is the effect of gluco-costeroids?
Influence metabolic rates of protein, fats, sugars (cortisol)
Gluco-costeroids are under _____ control?
Pituitary
What is the effect of mineralocorticoids?
Regulate salt balance and impact on blood volume/pressure
What are androgens?
Male sex hormone
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Adrenaline/noradrenaline (Fight/Flight Volume)
The fight/flight response results from fear, serious illness or injury and results in the sympathetic division of the ANS causing the adrenal medulla to?
Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline/noradrenaline into blood stream
What is the arterial supply of the adrenal glands?
Left and right superior, middle and inferior suprarenal artery
What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?
Right suprarenal vein - drains into IVC directly
Left suprarenal vein (drains into left renal vein)
Where are the testes located?
In the scrotum of the male perineum
What is the blood supply to the tests/ovaries?
Gonadal arteries and veins
The testes secrete? In response to?
Testosterone
In response to LH from the pituitary gland
What does testosterone control?
Male secondary sexual characteristics
Closure of epiphyseal growth plates
Stimulates sperm
Where are the ovaries located?
In broad ligament of female pelvis
What do the ovaries secrete?
Oestrogen and progesterone
Ovaries secrete oestrogen and progesterone in response to?
FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland
Progesterone prepares uterus for?
Pregnancy
Oestrogen controls?
Female secondary sex characteristics and ovum development
The gonadal arteries are paired branches of the ?
Abdominal aorta
The right gonadal vein drains into ?
The IVC
The left gonadal vein drain into?
Left renal vein
