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First Year Anatomy (JBR) > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Manufacture, storage and release of hormones

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2
Q

The endocrine system is involved in regulating? (4)

A

Metabolism
Growth
Reproductive functions
Body’s stress response

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3
Q

Hormone levels are usually maintained by?

A

Negative feedback

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4
Q

Functioning endocrine gland tumour may cause?

A

Hyposecretion or Hypersecretion

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5
Q

What are the main endocrine glands in the cranial cavity?

A

Hypotahlamus

Pituitary gland

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6
Q

What are the main endocrine glands in the neck?

A

4 parathyroid glands

Thyroid gland

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7
Q

What are the main endocrine glands in the abdomen?

A

2 adrenal glands

Pancreas

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8
Q

What are the main endocrine glands in the pelvis?

A

2 ovaries - females

2 testes - males

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9
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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10
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

Central core of the cerebrum

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11
Q

The pituitary gland is n extension of the? What connects them?

A

Hypothalamus

Infundibulum

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12
Q

The pituitary gland is divided into which lobes?

A

Anterior and posterior

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13
Q

What is also known as the neurohypophysis?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

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14
Q

Axons from the hypothalamus project through the _____– to the posterior pituitary

A

infundibulum

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15
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland manufacture?

A

Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

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16
Q

Where are oxytocin and ADH produced?

A

In the soma (nucleus) of the posterior pituitary gland

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17
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Allows social bonding
Women sense movement of breast milk from breast to nipple
Stimulates contraction in uterus

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18
Q

What transports oxytocin and ADH from the soma to the axoplasm in the post. pituitary gland?

A

Axoplasmic (neurosecretory) transport

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19
Q

What are the two types of hormones that the hypothalamic neurone secrete?

A

Releasing

Release-inhibitory hormones

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20
Q

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate?

A

Anterior pituitary gland to release its hormone(s) into the bloodstream

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21
Q

Release-inhibitory hormones form the hypothalamus prevent?

A

Anterior pituitary gland from releasing hormone(s)

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22
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A 
Growth hormone
Prolactin
TSH
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH - effect on adrenal glands) 
Lutenising hormone 
FSH
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23
Q

The anterior pituitary gland secretes its hormones into the SVC via?

A

The hypophyseal veins

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24
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Two venous capillary beds joined by a portal vein

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25
Q

The thyroid gland uses iodine to manufacture?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

26
Q

What do the thyroid hormones regulate?

A

Metabolism and stimulate growth

27
Q

The 4 parathyroid glands manufacture and secrete?

A

The parathyroid hormone (PTH)

28
Q

How is PTH release controlled?

A

Gland monitors and responds to blood Ca2+ directly

29
Q

What does the PTH control?

A

Calcium in the blood and bone

30
Q

Besides bone and blood, what depends on calcium control?

A

Nerve function

31
Q

Whatere are the parathyroid glands located?

A

In the posterior aspect of the larynx and trachea

32
Q

Which branches of the aorta supply the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Right inferior thyroid arteries

Left thyroid artery (comes off the common carotid artery)

33
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Right superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins into the SVC

34
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Retroperitoneal overlying the L1 and L2 vertebrae

35
Q

What are the anatomical relations of the pancreas?

A

Post. to the stomach
Anterior to IVC and SVC
Between duodenum and spleen

36
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the pancreas?

A

Coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery

37
Q

Venous blood from the pancreas drains into?

A

Splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein

Then into the hepatic portal vein

38
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

Retroperitoneal on top of the kidneys

39
Q

What separates the adrenal glands from the kidneys?

A

Fascial septum

40
Q

What are the 2 anatomical parts of the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

41
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Glucocosteroids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens

42
Q

What is the effect of gluco-costeroids?

A

Influence metabolic rates of protein, fats, sugars (cortisol)

43
Q

Gluco-costeroids are under _____ control?

A

Pituitary

44
Q

What is the effect of mineralocorticoids?

A

Regulate salt balance and impact on blood volume/pressure

45
Q

What are androgens?

A

Male sex hormone

46
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Adrenaline/noradrenaline (Fight/Flight Volume)

47
Q

The fight/flight response results from fear, serious illness or injury and results in the sympathetic division of the ANS causing the adrenal medulla to?

A

Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline/noradrenaline into blood stream

48
Q

What is the arterial supply of the adrenal glands?

A

Left and right superior, middle and inferior suprarenal artery

49
Q

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

A

Right suprarenal vein - drains into IVC directly

Left suprarenal vein (drains into left renal vein)

50
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

In the scrotum of the male perineum

51
Q

What is the blood supply to the tests/ovaries?

A

Gonadal arteries and veins

52
Q

The testes secrete? In response to?

A

Testosterone

In response to LH from the pituitary gland

53
Q

What does testosterone control?

A

Male secondary sexual characteristics
Closure of epiphyseal growth plates
Stimulates sperm

54
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

In broad ligament of female pelvis

55
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

56
Q

Ovaries secrete oestrogen and progesterone in response to?

A

FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland

57
Q

Progesterone prepares uterus for?

A

Pregnancy

58
Q

Oestrogen controls?

A

Female secondary sex characteristics and ovum development

59
Q

The gonadal arteries are paired branches of the ?

A

Abdominal aorta

60
Q

The right gonadal vein drains into ?

A

The IVC

61
Q

The left gonadal vein drain into?

A

Left renal vein

First Year Anatomy (JBR) (14 decks)

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