Endocrine System

Question 1

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Manufacture, storage and release of hormones

Question 2

The endocrine system is involved in regulating? (4)

Answer 2

Metabolism
Growth
Reproductive functions
Body’s stress response

Question 3

Hormone levels are usually maintained by?

Answer 3

Negative feedback

Question 4

Functioning endocrine gland tumour may cause?

Answer 4

Hyposecretion or Hypersecretion

Question 5

What are the main endocrine glands in the cranial cavity?

Answer 5

Hypotahlamus

Pituitary gland

Question 6

What are the main endocrine glands in the neck?

Answer 6

4 parathyroid glands

Thyroid gland

Question 7

What are the main endocrine glands in the abdomen?

Answer 7

2 adrenal glands

Pancreas

Question 8

What are the main endocrine glands in the pelvis?

Answer 8

2 ovaries - females

2 testes - males

Question 9

What makes up the diencephalon?

Answer 9

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 10

Where is the diencephalon located?

Answer 10

Central core of the cerebrum

Question 11

The pituitary gland is n extension of the? What connects them?

Answer 11

Hypothalamus

Infundibulum

Question 12

The pituitary gland is divided into which lobes?

Answer 12

Anterior and posterior

Question 13

What is also known as the neurohypophysis?

Answer 13

The posterior pituitary gland

Question 14

Axons from the hypothalamus project through the _____– to the posterior pituitary

Answer 14

infundibulum

Question 15

What does the posterior pituitary gland manufacture?

Answer 15

Oxytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

Question 16

Where are oxytocin and ADH produced?

Answer 16

In the soma (nucleus) of the posterior pituitary gland

Question 17

What is the function of oxytocin?

Answer 17

Allows social bonding
Women sense movement of breast milk from breast to nipple
Stimulates contraction in uterus

Question 18

What transports oxytocin and ADH from the soma to the axoplasm in the post. pituitary gland?

Answer 18

Axoplasmic (neurosecretory) transport

Question 19

What are the two types of hormones that the hypothalamic neurone secrete?

Answer 19

Releasing

Release-inhibitory hormones

Question 20

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate?

Answer 20

Anterior pituitary gland to release its hormone(s) into the bloodstream

Question 21

Release-inhibitory hormones form the hypothalamus prevent?

Answer 21

Anterior pituitary gland from releasing hormone(s)

Question 22

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 22

Growth hormone
Prolactin
TSH
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH - effect on adrenal glands) 
Lutenising hormone 
FSH

Question 23

The anterior pituitary gland secretes its hormones into the SVC via?

Answer 23

The hypophyseal veins

Question 24

What is a portal system?

Answer 24

Two venous capillary beds joined by a portal vein

Question 25

The thyroid gland uses iodine to manufacture?

Answer 25

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Question 26

What do the thyroid hormones regulate?

Answer 26

Metabolism and stimulate growth

Question 27

The 4 parathyroid glands manufacture and secrete?

Answer 27

The parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 28

How is PTH release controlled?

Answer 28

Gland monitors and responds to blood Ca2+ directly

Question 29

What does the PTH control?

Answer 29

Calcium in the blood and bone

Question 30

Besides bone and blood, what depends on calcium control?

Answer 30

Nerve function

Question 31

Whatere are the parathyroid glands located?

Answer 31

In the posterior aspect of the larynx and trachea

Question 32

Which branches of the aorta supply the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 32

Right inferior thyroid arteries | Left thyroid artery (comes off the common carotid artery)

Question 33

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 33

Right superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins into the SVC

Question 34

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 34

Retroperitoneal overlying the L1 and L2 vertebrae

Question 35

What are the anatomical relations of the pancreas?

Answer 35

Post. to the stomach Anterior to IVC and SVC Between duodenum and spleen

Question 36

What is the arterial blood supply to the pancreas?

Answer 36

Coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery

Question 37

Venous blood from the pancreas drains into?

Answer 37

Splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein | Then into the hepatic portal vein

Question 38

Where are the adrenal glands?

Answer 38

Retroperitoneal on top of the kidneys

Question 39

What separates the adrenal glands from the kidneys?

Answer 39

Fascial septum

Question 40

What are the 2 anatomical parts of the adrenal glands?

Answer 40

Adrenal cortex | Adrenal medulla

Question 41

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 41

Glucocosteroids Mineralocorticoids Androgens

Question 42

What is the effect of gluco-costeroids?

Answer 42

Influence metabolic rates of protein, fats, sugars (cortisol)

Question 43

Gluco-costeroids are under _____ control?

Answer 43

Pituitary

Question 44

What is the effect of mineralocorticoids?

Answer 44

Regulate salt balance and impact on blood volume/pressure

Question 45

What are androgens?

Answer 45

Male sex hormone

Question 46

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 46

Adrenaline/noradrenaline (Fight/Flight Volume)

Question 47

The fight/flight response results from fear, serious illness or injury and results in the sympathetic division of the ANS causing the adrenal medulla to?

Answer 47

Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline/noradrenaline into blood stream

Question 48

What is the arterial supply of the adrenal glands?

Answer 48

Left and right superior, middle and inferior suprarenal artery

Question 49

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

Answer 49

Right suprarenal vein - drains into IVC directly | Left suprarenal vein (drains into left renal vein)

Question 50

Where are the testes located?

Answer 50

In the scrotum of the male perineum

Question 51

What is the blood supply to the tests/ovaries?

Answer 51

Gonadal arteries and veins

Question 52

The testes secrete? In response to?

Answer 52

Testosterone | In response to LH from the pituitary gland

Question 53

What does testosterone control?

Answer 53

Male secondary sexual characteristics Closure of epiphyseal growth plates Stimulates sperm

Question 54

Where are the ovaries located?

Answer 54

In broad ligament of female pelvis

Question 55

What do the ovaries secrete?

Answer 55

Oestrogen and progesterone

Question 56

Ovaries secrete oestrogen and progesterone in response to?

Answer 56

FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland

Question 57

Progesterone prepares uterus for?

Answer 57

Pregnancy

Question 58

Oestrogen controls?

Answer 58

Female secondary sex characteristics and ovum development

Question 59

The gonadal arteries are paired branches of the ?

Answer 59

Abdominal aorta

Question 60

The right gonadal vein drains into ?

Answer 60

The IVC

Question 61

The left gonadal vein drain into?

Answer 61

Left renal vein