Renal Physiology: Introduction to Renal Function

Question 1

What is the typical “input” of water per day in mL?

Answer 1

2300 mL/day

Question 2

What is the typical water “output” each day in mL?

Answer 2

1200 mL/day

Question 3

Water is taken into the renal system through what processes?

Answer 3

food and beverage intake

metabolic processes via dehydration reactions

Question 4

By what methods is water excreted from the body?

Answer 4

sweat

feces

insensible (breath/vapor)

urine

Question 5

Rank the methods of water excretion from greatest volume to least…

Answer 5

Urine > insensible > sweat > feces

Question 6

A positive water balance occurs when total urinary excretion is…

Answer 6

< 1100 mL/day

Question 7

A negative water balance occurs when total urinary excretion is…

Answer 7

> 1100 mL/day

Question 8

What volume of urinary excretion is considered “steady state”?

Answer 8

1100 mL/day

Question 9

What conditions may contribute to a negative sodium/water balance?

Answer 9

diarrhea

diuretics

hypoaldosteronism

Question 10

What conditions may contribute to a positive sodium/water balance?

Answer 10

exogenous steroid use

heart failure

hyperaldosteronism

Question 11

A patient takes in 150 mEq of sodium in a day. 5 mEq is lost via non-urinary sources. What amount of sodium must be lost in the urine to maintain balance?

Answer 11

150 - 5 = 145 mEq

Question 12

Which hormones are secreted by the kidney?

Answer 12

renin

EPO

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Question 13

Which renal hormone is secreted by the granular/juxtaglomerular cells?

Answer 13

renin

Question 14

which renal hormone is secreted by the interstitial cells?

Answer 14

EPO

Question 15

What exogenous chemicals are excreted by the kidneys?

Answer 15

drugs, pesticides, food additives

Question 16

What metabolic waste products are excreted by the kidneys?

Answer 16

urea

uric acid

creatinine

Question 17

What moderating chemical for blood pH is regulated by the kidneys?

Answer 17

bicarbonate

Question 18

What region of the kidney contains granulated tissue?

Answer 18

the cortex

Question 19

which region of the kidney contains striated tissue?

Answer 19

the medulla

Question 20

The medulla is made up of what structures?

Answer 20

renal pyrimids

Question 21

Describe the flow of urine through the kidney…

Answer 21

filtered from pyramids

papilla to minor calyx

minor calyx to major calyx

major calyx to pelvis

pelvis to ureter

Question 22

Describe the basic flow of filtrate through the nephrom…

Answer 22

Glomerulus to Bowman’s Capsule

Bowman’s Capsule to Proximal Tubule

Proximal Tubule to Loop of Henle

Loop of Henle to Distal Tubule

Distal Tubule to Collecting Duct

Question 23

The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule make up what structure?

Answer 23

the renal corpuscle

Question 24

In this nephron structure 60-80% of isosmotic filtered solute and water are reabsorbed

Answer 24

Proximal tubule

Question 25

This structure generates osmotic gradients in the medulla that allow urine concentration...

Answer 25

loop of henle

Question 26

This region is where the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles...

Answer 26

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 27

Some ionic reabsorption happens in the distal convoluted tubule. How would you describe the osmolarity of fluid in the DCT?

Answer 27

hyposmotic

Question 28

What controls water permeability in the collecting duct?

Answer 28

ADH (vasopressin)

Question 29

Where is final concentration of urine adjusted?

Answer 29

collecting duct

Question 30

Which type of nephron has the following characteristics: glomeruli in outer cortex no extension to inner medulla short LOH

Answer 30

Cortical nephron

Question 31

Which type of nephron has the following characteristics: glomeruli in corticomedullary border long LOH Extends deep into inner medulla

Answer 31

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 32

The ability to produce concentrated urine is directly proportional with the number of...

Answer 32

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 33

do nephrons function in parallel?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

What three layers compose the filtration barrier?

Answer 34

1. capillary endothelium with fenestra 2. glomerular basal lamina 3. pedicels with slits

Question 35

Name the three structures that make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus...

Answer 35

Macula Densa Extraglomerular mesangial cells Granular cells/G cells/juxtaglomerular cells

Question 36

These cells sit between the afferent and efferent arterioles...

Answer 36

macula densa

Question 37

These cells line the afferent and efferent arterioles...

Answer 37

G cells

Question 38

These cells sit between the capillary loops...

Answer 38

mesangial cells

Question 39

Which JGA cell types contract in response to angiotensin II?

Answer 39

mesangial cells

Question 40

What are the two functions of the JGA?

Answer 40

control GFR Control renin secretion

Question 41

The vasa recta is found in the renal ________ and follows the ______ of what type of nephron?

Answer 41

found in renal medulla follows loop of henle found in juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 42

Fluid from the afferent arteriole that is not filtered goes where?

Answer 42

to the efferent arteriole

Question 43

The afferent and efferent arterioles and the glomerular and peritubular capillary beds are arranged in ________

Answer 43

series

Question 44

The vasa recta supplies what to medullary tissue, and plays what other important function?

Answer 44

supplies nutrients to medulla important for water recovery

Question 45

Renal nerves are innervated by (SNS/PNS)?

Answer 45

SNS

Question 46

What type of receptors are present on the afferent and efferent arterioles?

Answer 46

SNS, alpha 1

Question 47

If SNS alone is stimulated, what would happen to RBF and GFR?

Answer 47

reduce RBF and GFR

Question 48

What mediates the alpha-1 vasoconstriction from the SNS?

Answer 48

PGE2 and PGI 2

Question 49

Granular cells are innervated by the SNS, and they release ________ upon stimulation of what receptor?

Answer 49

rennin release beta 1 receptors

Question 50

Glomerular filtration produces a ____ free filtrate...

Answer 50

protein free

Question 51

what is the typical GFR?

Answer 51

120-125 mL/min

Question 52

Tubular reabsorption occurs where?

Answer 52

from tubular lumen to peritubular capillary

Question 53

Tubular secretion occurs where?

Answer 53

from peritubular capillary to tubular lumen