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Physiology II > Renal Physiology: Introduction to Renal Function > Flashcards

Renal Physiology: Introduction to Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the typical “input” of water per day in mL?

A

2300 mL/day

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2
Q

What is the typical water “output” each day in mL?

A

1200 mL/day

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3
Q

Water is taken into the renal system through what processes?

A

food and beverage intake

metabolic processes via dehydration reactions

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4
Q

By what methods is water excreted from the body?

A

sweat

feces

insensible (breath/vapor)

urine

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5
Q

Rank the methods of water excretion from greatest volume to least…

A

Urine > insensible > sweat > feces

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6
Q

A positive water balance occurs when total urinary excretion is…

A

< 1100 mL/day

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7
Q

A negative water balance occurs when total urinary excretion is…

A

> 1100 mL/day

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8
Q

What volume of urinary excretion is considered “steady state”?

A

1100 mL/day

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9
Q

What conditions may contribute to a negative sodium/water balance?

A

diarrhea

diuretics

hypoaldosteronism

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10
Q

What conditions may contribute to a positive sodium/water balance?

A

exogenous steroid use

heart failure

hyperaldosteronism

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11
Q

A patient takes in 150 mEq of sodium in a day. 5 mEq is lost via non-urinary sources. What amount of sodium must be lost in the urine to maintain balance?

A

150 - 5 = 145 mEq

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12
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the kidney?

A

renin

EPO

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

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13
Q

Which renal hormone is secreted by the granular/juxtaglomerular cells?

A

renin

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14
Q

which renal hormone is secreted by the interstitial cells?

A

EPO

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15
Q

What exogenous chemicals are excreted by the kidneys?

A

drugs, pesticides, food additives

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16
Q

What metabolic waste products are excreted by the kidneys?

A

urea

uric acid

creatinine

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17
Q

What moderating chemical for blood pH is regulated by the kidneys?

A

bicarbonate

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18
Q

What region of the kidney contains granulated tissue?

A

the cortex

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19
Q

which region of the kidney contains striated tissue?

A

the medulla

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20
Q

The medulla is made up of what structures?

A

renal pyrimids

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21
Q

Describe the flow of urine through the kidney…

A

filtered from pyramids

papilla to minor calyx

minor calyx to major calyx

major calyx to pelvis

pelvis to ureter

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22
Q

Describe the basic flow of filtrate through the nephrom…

A

Glomerulus to Bowman’s Capsule

Bowman’s Capsule to Proximal Tubule

Proximal Tubule to Loop of Henle

Loop of Henle to Distal Tubule

Distal Tubule to Collecting Duct

23
Q

The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule make up what structure?

A

the renal corpuscle

24
Q

In this nephron structure 60-80% of isosmotic filtered solute and water are reabsorbed

A

Proximal tubule

25
Q

This structure generates osmotic gradients in the medulla that allow urine concentration…

A

loop of henle

26
Q

This region is where the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles…

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

27
Q

Some ionic reabsorption happens in the distal convoluted tubule. How would you describe the osmolarity of fluid in the DCT?

A

hyposmotic

28
Q

What controls water permeability in the collecting duct?

A

ADH (vasopressin)

29
Q

Where is final concentration of urine adjusted?

A

collecting duct

30
Q

Which type of nephron has the following characteristics:

glomeruli in outer cortex

no extension to inner medulla

short LOH

A

Cortical nephron

31
Q

Which type of nephron has the following characteristics:

glomeruli in corticomedullary border

long LOH

Extends deep into inner medulla

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

32
Q

The ability to produce concentrated urine is directly proportional with the number of…

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

33
Q

do nephrons function in parallel?

A

yes

34
Q

What three layers compose the filtration barrier?

A
  1. capillary endothelium with fenestra
  2. glomerular basal lamina
  3. pedicels with slits
35
Q

Name the three structures that make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus…

A

Macula Densa

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Granular cells/G cells/juxtaglomerular cells

36
Q

These cells sit between the afferent and efferent arterioles…

A

macula densa

37
Q

These cells line the afferent and efferent arterioles…

A

G cells

38
Q

These cells sit between the capillary loops…

A

mesangial cells

39
Q

Which JGA cell types contract in response to angiotensin II?

A

mesangial cells

40
Q

What are the two functions of the JGA?

A

control GFR

Control renin secretion

41
Q

The vasa recta is found in the renal ________ and follows the ______ of what type of nephron?

A

found in renal medulla

follows loop of henle

found in juxtamedullary nephrons

42
Q

Fluid from the afferent arteriole that is not filtered goes where?

A

to the efferent arteriole

43
Q

The afferent and efferent arterioles and the glomerular and peritubular capillary beds are arranged in ________

A

series

44
Q

The vasa recta supplies what to medullary tissue, and plays what other important function?

A

supplies nutrients to medulla

important for water recovery

45
Q

Renal nerves are innervated by (SNS/PNS)?

A

SNS

46
Q

What type of receptors are present on the afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

SNS, alpha 1

47
Q

If SNS alone is stimulated, what would happen to RBF and GFR?

A

reduce RBF and GFR

48
Q

What mediates the alpha-1 vasoconstriction from the SNS?

A

PGE2 and PGI 2

49
Q

Granular cells are innervated by the SNS, and they release ________ upon stimulation of what receptor?

A

rennin release

beta 1 receptors

50
Q

Glomerular filtration produces a ____ free filtrate…

A

protein free

51
Q

what is the typical GFR?

A

120-125 mL/min

52
Q

Tubular reabsorption occurs where?

A

from tubular lumen to peritubular capillary

53
Q

Tubular secretion occurs where?

A

from peritubular capillary to tubular lumen

Physiology II (28 decks)

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