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Physiology II > Endocrine: Male Reproduction 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine: Male Reproduction 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary male reproductive organ?

A

testes

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2
Q 
Penis
Scrotum
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Accessory glands

These are all…

A

accessory structures

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3
Q

What are the secondary sex characteristics in males? (4)

A

Facial and body hair
larger muscle mass
masculine jaw
body height

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4
Q

What two products are produced by the testes?

A

sperm

testosterone

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5
Q

This organ:

site of spermatogenesis
germ cells
sertoli cells

A

seminiferous tubules

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6
Q

Which cells excrete:

antimullerian hormone
androgen binding protein
inhibin

A

Sertoli cells

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7
Q

Which cells in the testes secrete testosterone?

A

leydig cells

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8
Q

where are leydig cells located?

A

connective tissue

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9
Q

Name the three major phases of spermatogenesis:

A
  1. proliferation/differentiation
  2. meiosis
  3. spermiogenesis
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10
Q

This process:

  • testosterone mediated
  • diploid germ cells become haploid spermatozoa
  • occurs along length of seminiferous tubules
A

Spermatogenesis

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11
Q

What are the three stages of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Mitosis (proliferation)
  2. Meiosis (2 divisions)
  3. Spermiogenesis (packaging)
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12
Q

Which stage of spermatogenesis?

two divisions creating 4 diploid primary spermatocytes

double stranded DNA

proliferation of diploid germ cells

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

Which stage of spermatogenesis?

undifferentiated diploid germ cells converted to haploid spermatocytes

two divisions create 16 spermatids

single strand of 1 chromosome

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

How many spermatids are created after the two divisions of meiosis?

A

16

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15
Q

What is the general progression of germ line cells to fully mature spermatozoa?

A

spermatogonia –> primary spermatocyte –> secondary spermatocyte –> 2 spermatids –> syncytium –> spermatozoa

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16
Q

Which embryonic cells from the gonad to become spermatogonia?

A

germ line cells

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17
Q

Which cell type results when spermatogonia undergo increased mitotic divisions in puberty, allowing some cells to become these?

A

primary spermatocytes

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18
Q

which cells result when the primary spermatocytes enter the first meiotic division?

A

secondary spermatocytes

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19
Q

During the second round of meiosis, secondary spermatocytes split to form_____

A

spermatids

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20
Q

What step of meiosis isn’t completed, allowing the resulting four daughter cells that remain connected, forming syncytium?

A

cytokinesis

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21
Q

Where does maturation of syncytium occur, allowing these cells to become spermatozoa?

A

seminiferous tubule lumen

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22
Q

The syncytium has what important function for sexual reproduction?

A

ensures haploid have either X or Y chromosome

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23
Q

The blood-testes barrier is formed by tight junctions between what cells?

A

sertoli cells

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24
Q

Developing sperm move between what, to enter the lumen?

A

between tight junctions in sertoli cells

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25
This feature of sertoli cells prevents immune cells from accessing spermatozoa, and is required for fertility...
blood testes barrier
26
What two types of junctions can sertoli cells form?
tight junctions gap junctions
27
gap junctions between sertoli cells allows transfer of...
nutrients
28
what allows early spermatids to remain joined?
cytoplasmic bridges
29
_______ allows Y-sperm to transport gene products to X-sperm
cytoplasmic bridges
30
Which cells secrete anti-mullerian factor during development?
sertoli cells
31
These cells release inhibin when stimulated by testosterone and FSH.
sertoli cells
32
These cells produce androgen binding protein to keep testosterone in the seminiferous tubules
sertoli cells
33
Which cells secrete seminiferous tubule fluid, which flushes sperm to the epididymis?
sertoli cells
34
Which cells protect sperm and provide physical, metaboli and nutritional support to sperm?
sertoli cells
35
Spermatozoa are composed of what three sections?
head midpiece tail
36
In spermiogenesis (spermatid --> spermatozoa), which segment has the following changes? - elongation, loss of cytoplasm - chromatin condensation, nuclear remodeling - Cessation of transcription prior to sperm maturation - Aggregation of lysosomes to form acrosome
Head
37
In spermiogenesis (spermatid --> spermatozoa), which segment has the following changes? Mitochondria sequestered to base of this region to power the sperm
midpiece
38
In spermiogenesis (spermatid --> spermatozoa), which segment has the following changes? microtubules allow its movement...
tail
39
This is the process by which mature sperm are extruded from sertoli cells to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules...
spermiation
40
Where do spermatazoa pass through for processing and storage after entering the seminiferous tubules?
rete testes
41
This structure is where maturation occurs. Sperm are transferred here under pressure and smooth muscle contraction
Epididymis
42
In spermiation, the sperm are not yet capable of movement or fertilization. What three things occur?
further maturation concentration storage
43
What cells contract to propel spermatozoa into the vas deferens?
myoepithelial cells
44
This is the process by which spermatogonia are converted to spermatozoa
spermatogenesis
45
This is the packaging and maturation of spermatozoa
spermiogenesis
46
This is the release of spermatozoa from the sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
spermiation
47
______ is released from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates the release of _____ and ______ which act on the testes
GnRH released hypothalamus FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary
48
Which hormone has the following effects? - sensitizes sertoli cells to testosterone - promotes inhibin and androgen binding protein secretion from sertoli cells
Follicle stimulating hormone
49
Which hormone has the following effects? -stimulates cholesterol desmolase in leydig cells to produce testosterone
luteinizing hormone
50
______ regulates LH and FSH by negative feedback to the hypothalamus...
testosterone
51
______ selectively down regulates FSH on the gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary
inhibin
52
optimal spermatogenesis requires the action of what two hormones and adequate presence of what cells?
testosterone and FSH sertoli cells
53
What hormone is responsible for the following in male fetal development? descent of testes masculinization of reproductive organs
testosterone
54
Which hormone has the following effects on sex-specific tissue after birth? 1. promotes reproductive system maturation at puberty 2. spermatogenesis 3. maintenance of reproductive tract
Testosterone
55
What reproductive effects does testosterone have? (2)
1. increases sex drive | 2. controls secretion of gonadotropins
56
What three effects does testosterone exert on secondary sex characteristics?
1. male pattern hair growth 2. deepening of voice 3. promotes muscle growth and adiposity
57
Which hormone has the following effects? 1. protein anabolism 2. bone growth at puberty 3. closing of epiphyseal plates 4. aggressive behavior 5. male specific brain dev.
Testosterone
58
The rate limiting step of testosterone production in the leydig cells is regulated by...
LH
59
By what mechanism does LH regulate the rate-limiting step of testosterone synthesis?
increases affinity of cholesterol desmolase to cholesterol
60
Testosterone can be peripherally converted in target tissues to what 2 hormones?
DHT and estradiol
61
What enzyme catalyzes the production of testosterone to DHT?
5-alpha-reductase
62
what enzyme catalyzes the production of estradiol from testosterone?
aromatase
63
DHT or T? - differentiation of epididymis, vas dererens, seminal vesicles - increased muscle mass - growth spur - growth of penis seminal vesicles - deepening voice - negative feedback on anterior pituitary - libido
T
64
DHT or T? - differentiation of penis, scrotum and prostate - male hair patter and baldness - sebacous gland activity growth of prostate
DHT
65
DHT is ____x as potent as T
2x
66
Does testosterone increase the rate of spermatogenesis?
no
67
retinoic acid signalling in sertoli cells does what for spermatogenesis?
rate set
68
It takes about ____ days to make sperm
72
69
luminal migration to the epididymis takes ___ days
14
70
how many mature sperm are produced daily?
100-200M
71
The number of what determines the ultimate spermatogenic potential of the testes?
sertoli cells
72
this condition occurs with smaller than normal testicular size resulting in below normal sperm counts
hypogonadism
73
fewer than ____ per ml is oligozoospermia (low sperm count)
15M
74
Along with low sperm count, oligozoospermia also has what two defects?
poor motility defective sperm morphology
75
What 4 environmental factors can contribute to oligozoospermia?
Pollution X ray Lifestyle factors Stress
76
____ activates the HPA axis influencing normal function of HPG axis
stress
77
PCBs reduce sperm count and sex hormones... these are found in...
heavy metals, lead
78
What two hormones have a synergistic role in spermiation?
FSH and T
79
At what point of gestation do the testes descend to the scrotum?
7th month
80
Spermatogenesis requires _____ temperature to prevent lysosomal destruction.
cooler temps
81
What 3 things keep the testes cool?
air around scrotum contraction/relaxation of muscles venous blood flow
82
What is the most widespread environmental factor producing low sperm counts?
temperature regulation
83
This drug can reduce mail fertility by decreasing numbers, altering morphology and/or reducing activity
marijuana
84
Marijuana effects the _____ axis resulting in altered male sex hormones and a suppressive effect due to the presence of endocannabinoid receptors.
HPG axis

Physiology II (28 decks)

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