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Physiology II > Endocrine: Male Reproduction 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine: Male Reproduction 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary male reproductive organ?

A

testes

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2
Q 
Penis
Scrotum
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Accessory glands

These are all…

A

accessory structures

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3
Q

What are the secondary sex characteristics in males? (4)

A

Facial and body hair
larger muscle mass
masculine jaw
body height

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4
Q

What two products are produced by the testes?

A

sperm

testosterone

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5
Q

This organ:

site of spermatogenesis
germ cells
sertoli cells

A

seminiferous tubules

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6
Q

Which cells excrete:

antimullerian hormone
androgen binding protein
inhibin

A

Sertoli cells

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7
Q

Which cells in the testes secrete testosterone?

A

leydig cells

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8
Q

where are leydig cells located?

A

connective tissue

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9
Q

Name the three major phases of spermatogenesis:

A
  1. proliferation/differentiation
  2. meiosis
  3. spermiogenesis
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10
Q

This process:

  • testosterone mediated
  • diploid germ cells become haploid spermatozoa
  • occurs along length of seminiferous tubules
A

Spermatogenesis

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11
Q

What are the three stages of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Mitosis (proliferation)
  2. Meiosis (2 divisions)
  3. Spermiogenesis (packaging)
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12
Q

Which stage of spermatogenesis?

two divisions creating 4 diploid primary spermatocytes

double stranded DNA

proliferation of diploid germ cells

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

Which stage of spermatogenesis?

undifferentiated diploid germ cells converted to haploid spermatocytes

two divisions create 16 spermatids

single strand of 1 chromosome

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

How many spermatids are created after the two divisions of meiosis?

A

16

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15
Q

What is the general progression of germ line cells to fully mature spermatozoa?

A

spermatogonia –> primary spermatocyte –> secondary spermatocyte –> 2 spermatids –> syncytium –> spermatozoa

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16
Q

Which embryonic cells from the gonad to become spermatogonia?

A

germ line cells

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17
Q

Which cell type results when spermatogonia undergo increased mitotic divisions in puberty, allowing some cells to become these?

A

primary spermatocytes

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18
Q

which cells result when the primary spermatocytes enter the first meiotic division?

A

secondary spermatocytes

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19
Q

During the second round of meiosis, secondary spermatocytes split to form_____

A

spermatids

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20
Q

What step of meiosis isn’t completed, allowing the resulting four daughter cells that remain connected, forming syncytium?

A

cytokinesis

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21
Q

Where does maturation of syncytium occur, allowing these cells to become spermatozoa?

A

seminiferous tubule lumen

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22
Q

The syncytium has what important function for sexual reproduction?

A

ensures haploid have either X or Y chromosome

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23
Q

The blood-testes barrier is formed by tight junctions between what cells?

A

sertoli cells

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24
Q

Developing sperm move between what, to enter the lumen?

A

between tight junctions in sertoli cells

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25
Q

This feature of sertoli cells prevents immune cells from accessing spermatozoa, and is required for fertility…

A

blood testes barrier

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26
Q

What two types of junctions can sertoli cells form?

A

tight junctions

gap junctions

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27
Q

gap junctions between sertoli cells allows transfer of…

A

nutrients

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28
Q

what allows early spermatids to remain joined?

A

cytoplasmic bridges

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29
Q

_______ allows Y-sperm to transport gene products to X-sperm

A

cytoplasmic bridges

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30
Q

Which cells secrete anti-mullerian factor during development?

A

sertoli cells

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31
Q

These cells release inhibin when stimulated by testosterone and FSH.

A

sertoli cells

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32
Q

These cells produce androgen binding protein to keep testosterone in the seminiferous tubules

A

sertoli cells

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33
Q

Which cells secrete seminiferous tubule fluid, which flushes sperm to the epididymis?

A

sertoli cells

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34
Q

Which cells protect sperm and provide physical, metaboli and nutritional support to sperm?

A

sertoli cells

35
Q

Spermatozoa are composed of what three sections?

A

head

midpiece

tail

36
Q

In spermiogenesis (spermatid –> spermatozoa), which segment has the following changes?

  • elongation, loss of cytoplasm
  • chromatin condensation, nuclear remodeling
  • Cessation of transcription prior to sperm maturation
  • Aggregation of lysosomes to form acrosome
A

Head

37
Q

In spermiogenesis (spermatid –> spermatozoa), which segment has the following changes?

Mitochondria sequestered to base of this region to power the sperm

A

midpiece

38
Q

In spermiogenesis (spermatid –> spermatozoa), which segment has the following changes?

microtubules allow its movement…

A

tail

39
Q

This is the process by which mature sperm are extruded from sertoli cells to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules…

A

spermiation

40
Q

Where do spermatazoa pass through for processing and storage after entering the seminiferous tubules?

A

rete testes

41
Q

This structure is where maturation occurs. Sperm are transferred here under pressure and smooth muscle contraction

A

Epididymis

42
Q

In spermiation, the sperm are not yet capable of movement or fertilization. What three things occur?

A

further maturation

concentration

storage

43
Q

What cells contract to propel spermatozoa into the vas deferens?

A

myoepithelial cells

44
Q

This is the process by which spermatogonia are converted to spermatozoa

A

spermatogenesis

45
Q

This is the packaging and maturation of spermatozoa

A

spermiogenesis

46
Q

This is the release of spermatozoa from the sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

A

spermiation

47
Q

______ is released from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates the release of _____ and ______ which act on the testes

A

GnRH released hypothalamus

FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary

48
Q

Which hormone has the following effects?

  • sensitizes sertoli cells to testosterone
  • promotes inhibin and androgen binding protein secretion from sertoli cells
A

Follicle stimulating hormone

49
Q

Which hormone has the following effects?

-stimulates cholesterol desmolase in leydig cells to produce testosterone

A

luteinizing hormone

50
Q

______ regulates LH and FSH by negative feedback to the hypothalamus…

A

testosterone

51
Q

______ selectively down regulates FSH on the gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary

A

inhibin

52
Q

optimal spermatogenesis requires the action of what two hormones and adequate presence of what cells?

A

testosterone and FSH

sertoli cells

53
Q

What hormone is responsible for the following in male fetal development?

descent of testes

masculinization of reproductive organs

A

testosterone

54
Q

Which hormone has the following effects on sex-specific tissue after birth?

  1. promotes reproductive system maturation at puberty
  2. spermatogenesis
  3. maintenance of reproductive tract
A

Testosterone

55
Q

What reproductive effects does testosterone have? (2)

A
  1. increases sex drive

2. controls secretion of gonadotropins

56
Q

What three effects does testosterone exert on secondary sex characteristics?

A
  1. male pattern hair growth
  2. deepening of voice
  3. promotes muscle growth and adiposity
57
Q

Which hormone has the following effects?

  1. protein anabolism
  2. bone growth at puberty
  3. closing of epiphyseal plates
  4. aggressive behavior
  5. male specific brain dev.
A

Testosterone

58
Q

The rate limiting step of testosterone production in the leydig cells is regulated by…

A

LH

59
Q

By what mechanism does LH regulate the rate-limiting step of testosterone synthesis?

A

increases affinity of cholesterol desmolase to cholesterol

60
Q

Testosterone can be peripherally converted in target tissues to what 2 hormones?

A

DHT and estradiol

61
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the production of testosterone to DHT?

A

5-alpha-reductase

62
Q

what enzyme catalyzes the production of estradiol from testosterone?

A

aromatase

63
Q

DHT or T?

  • differentiation of epididymis, vas dererens, seminal vesicles
  • increased muscle mass
  • growth spur
  • growth of penis seminal vesicles
  • deepening voice
  • negative feedback on anterior pituitary
  • libido
A

T

64
Q

DHT or T?

  • differentiation of penis, scrotum and prostate
  • male hair patter and baldness
  • sebacous gland activity

growth of prostate

A

DHT

65
Q

DHT is ____x as potent as T

A

2x

66
Q

Does testosterone increase the rate of spermatogenesis?

A

no

67
Q

retinoic acid signalling in sertoli cells does what for spermatogenesis?

A

rate set

68
Q

It takes about ____ days to make sperm

A

72

69
Q

luminal migration to the epididymis takes ___ days

A

14

70
Q

how many mature sperm are produced daily?

A

100-200M

71
Q

The number of what determines the ultimate spermatogenic potential of the testes?

A

sertoli cells

72
Q

this condition occurs with smaller than normal testicular size resulting in below normal sperm counts

A

hypogonadism

73
Q

fewer than ____ per ml is oligozoospermia (low sperm count)

A

15M

74
Q

Along with low sperm count, oligozoospermia also has what two defects?

A

poor motility

defective sperm morphology

75
Q

What 4 environmental factors can contribute to oligozoospermia?

A

Pollution

X ray

Lifestyle factors

Stress

76
Q

____ activates the HPA axis influencing normal function of HPG axis

A

stress

77
Q

PCBs reduce sperm count and sex hormones… these are found in…

A

heavy metals, lead

78
Q

What two hormones have a synergistic role in spermiation?

A

FSH and T

79
Q

At what point of gestation do the testes descend to the scrotum?

A

7th month

80
Q

Spermatogenesis requires _____ temperature to prevent lysosomal destruction.

A

cooler temps

81
Q

What 3 things keep the testes cool?

A

air around scrotum

contraction/relaxation of muscles

venous blood flow

82
Q

What is the most widespread environmental factor producing low sperm counts?

A

temperature regulation

83
Q

This drug can reduce mail fertility by decreasing numbers, altering morphology and/or reducing activity

A

marijuana

84
Q

Marijuana effects the _____ axis resulting in altered male sex hormones and a suppressive effect due to the presence of endocannabinoid receptors.

A

HPG axis

Physiology II (28 decks)

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