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Physiology II > Puberty > Flashcards

Puberty Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three levels of differences between males and females?

A

genetic sex

gonadal sex

phenotypic sex

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2
Q

This definition of sex…

apparent anatomic sex of an individual

determined by gonadal sex

determined by presence or absence of masculizing hormones

A

phenotypic sex

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3
Q

This definition of sex…

determined by development of testes or ovaries

Determined by presence or absence of SRY gene

presence or absence of Y chromosome

A

Gonadal sex

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4
Q

This definition of sex…

depends on combination of sex chromosomes at time of conception

A

genetic sex

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5
Q

The SRY gene makes what substance, which promotes…

A

Testes determining factor

promotes testis differentiation

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6
Q

Do males or females lack the SRY gene?

A

females

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7
Q

The absence of SRY in females means gonads don’t receive signal for…

A

testicular formation

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8
Q

What is required for the active genetic pathways necessary for ovarian development?

A

Two X chromosomes

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9
Q

What two hormones are not secreted in development of females?

A

testosterone or mullerian inhibiting factor

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10
Q

The absence of this factor in developing female fetus leads to differentiation of mullerian ducts to ovaries, uterus and other reproductive tract organs.

A

mullerian inhibiting factor

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11
Q

The absence of this hormone in the developing female fetus leads to undifferentiated external female genitalia, and the degeneration of wolffian ducts

A

testosterone

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12
Q

the testes of a developing male embryo secrete what two substances?

A

testosterone and mullerian inhibiting factor

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13
Q

The secretion of mullerian inhibiting factor in the developing male fetus leads to what

A

degeneration of mullerian ducts

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14
Q

Some of the testosterone secreted by the testes of developing male fetuses is converted to…

A

dihydrotestosterone

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15
Q

Converted dihydrotestosterone in the developing male fetus has what effect?

A

promotes male external genitalia

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16
Q

Testosterone secreted from the testes in the developing male embryo can be converted to dihydrotestosterone, or remain as T. What effect does T have on the fetus?

A

transforms wolffian ducts to male reproductive tract

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17
Q

During the first 5 weeks, gonads are…

A

indifferent/bipotential

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18
Q

In weeks 6-7 in genetic males, what happens that influences gonadal development?

A

SRY produces TDF

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19
Q

In the absence of SRY in weeks 6-7, by week 9 what happens?

A

female gonadal development begins

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20
Q

What three cell types do the developing testes have?

A
  1. germ cells (spermatogonia
  2. sertoli cells
  3. leydig cells
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21
Q

sertoli cells in the developing male testes produce…

A

anti mullerian hormone

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22
Q

leydig cells in the developing male testes produce…

A

T

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23
Q

Ovaries in developing females have what three cell types?

A
  1. germ cells (oogonia
  2. granulosa cells
  3. theca cells
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24
Q

Granulosa cells in developing ovaries produce…

A

estradiol

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25
Theca cells in developing ovaries produce...
androgens and progesterone
26
______ ducts differentiate into male reproductive tract while _____ ducts degenerate
Wolffian ducts = male mullerian ducts degenerate = male
27
______ ducts differentiate into female reproductive tract while ______ ducts degenerate.
mullerian ducts = female wolffian ducts degenerate
28
The epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts come from what structure?
wolffian ducts
29
Differentiation of the external genetalia in males occurs around weeks 9-10 as what hormone is secreted?
DHT
30
In the absence of DHT, what happens to the genitalia?
female-like external genetalia
31
Are hormones needed to cause the development of female gonads?
no
32
What is biochemically required in order to develop female gonads?
to X chromosomes
33
Fallopian tubes, uterus and upper 1/3 of the vagina develop when this structure remains intact...
mullerian ducts
34
The lower 2/3 of the vagina, clitoris and labia (do/don't) require hormones for development
don't
35
What effects the growth to normal size of female external genitalia?
estradiol
36
this disorder has the following characteristics: - XY chromosomes - Presence of testes with secretion of AMH and testosterone - Regression of wolffian and mullerian ducts - female external genitalia, but blind ended vagina
complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
37
How is complete androgen insensitivity syndrome diagnosed in infancy and at puberty
infancy: bilaterall inguinal mass puberty: amenorrhea
38
XY lacking SRY would cause what?
no gonads, develop as female
39
XX with SRY translocation would have what effect on development?
testes, develop as male
40
XY with defective AMH production/action would have what 3 effects?
testes both male and female internal genitalia male external genitalia
41
XY with absence of testosterone production/action would have what 3 effects?
Testes no male/female internal genitalia female-like external genitalia
42
5-alpha reductase deficiency would have what 2 effects?
Testes male internal genitalia with female external genitalia (aka male pseudohemaphrotidism)
43
What age range is normal for puberty in boys?
9-14
44
what age range is normal for puberty in girls?
8-13
45
Puberty is characterized by the following, which occurs when what anatomical structure matures? -appearance of secondary sex characteristics acceleration of growth capacity for fertilization
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis maturation
46
Around 13.5-13.7 yo, what 2 important processes occur in boys?
sperm production ejaculatory capability
47
This marks the start of puberty, when testicles increase in size, along with development of pubic hair and penile enlargement...
gonadarche
48
Adult testicular volume and penile size is achieved by what age in boys?
16
49
Final height of boys occurs at what age?
18
50
In girls, what marks the start of puberty at age 10.9?
thelarche (breast development)
51
What follows thelarche at age 11.2 in females?
pubarche
52
Menarch usually occurs by what age?
13
53
are the first few menstrual cycles ovulatory? why?
non-ovulatory no estrogen positive feedback
54
males have ___x higher skeletal and muscle mass
1.5
55
females have ____x fat as males
2x
56
What two hormones are important for growth spurt?
GH and IGF-1
57
_____ have their growth spurt early in puberty
females
58
_____ have their growth spurt towards the end of puberty
males
59
_____ promotes epiphyseal fusion towards the end of puberty in both males and females
estrogen
60
high levels of this hormone may lead to shorter stature
estrogen
61
What accounts for the difference in stature between males and females?
males take longer to reach puberty
62
This hypothesis of pubertal timing posits that a reduction in intrinsic GnRH suppression is responsible for onset of puberty
hypothalamic maturation hypothesis
63
This hypothesis of pubertal timing posits that decreased sensitivity to estrogen/testosterone negative feedback is responsible for the onset of puberty...
Gonadostat hypothesis
64
The following are responsible for... - reactivation of gonadotropin synthesis/secretion - increased pulsatile GnRH release
pubertal timing
65
Increased ratio of _____ release during sleep in both sexes correlates with the onset of early puberty
increased LH/FSH ratio
66
The major determinant of pubertal timing is..
genetic
67
is weight, or body fat a bigger determinant of pubertal timing?
body fat (16%-23.5)
68
What theory of the signal for puberty? - puberty gated by energy resources of body - accellerated in obesity - metabolic signal from leptin secreted from adipose tissue controls onset of maturation
Leptin theory
69
Mutant mice unable to produce this hormone fail to undergo normal puberty...
leptin
70
What theory of the signal for puberty? -may be initiated by a reduction in a hormone secreted by the pineal gland which inhibits GnRH release
Melatonin theorgy
71
Removal of the _______ precipitates puberty...
pineal gland
72
This pubertal disorder... - increased gonadotropins (LH, FSH) - 5x more common in girls - puberty begins before 8 in girls, or 9 in boys - MC idiopathic in nature or caused by CNS tumor
Gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty
73
This pubertal disorder... - normal gonadotropins, increased gonadal hormones - testicular disorders caused by androgen secreting tumors - ovarian disorders from estrogen secreting tumors - puberty begins before 8 in girls, before 9 in boys
gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty
74
What is the tx for gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty?
long acting GnRH agonists
75
This mechanism describes what drug class? - initial release of FSH and LH, followed by desensitization of receptors - leads to reduced gonadotropins, sex steroids and biologic effects
long-acting GnRH agonists
76
The following presentation describes... - 6 yo vaginal bleeding - tanner stage 4 - estrogen producing ovarian cyst
Gonadotropin independent precocious puberty
77
What is the tx for gonadotropin independent precocious puberty?
surgical removal of tumor
78
What disorder of delayed puberty? - gonadotropin deficiency leading to low gonadal hormones - deficiency in pulsatile release of gonadotropins - Kallman's syndrome
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
79
What disorder of delayed puberty? - Primary gonadal failure - low gonadal hormones result in high gonadotropins due to lack of negative feedback - gonadal streak - turner's syndrome and klinefelter's syndrome
hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
80
Which disorder? - failure of fetal migration of GnRH neurons to hypothalamus - associated with anosmia, lack of puberty, short stature Tx with supplemental sex-steroids
Kallman's syndrome
81
Which disorder? - female tract forms - no functional gonads associated with short stature, delayed or absent puberty tx with GH then sex steroids
Turner's syndrome (XO)
82
Which disorder? - MC form of primary testicular failure due to no negative feedback - XXY genotype - feminization occurs - germ cell tumors, breast cancer, osteoporosis can occur Tx with GH then supp. sex steroids
Klinefelter's syndrome

Physiology II (28 decks)

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