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Physiology II > Female Reproduction and Menopause Part II > Flashcards

Female Reproduction and Menopause Part II Flashcards

1
Q

sex hormone binding globulin is the transport protein for…

A

estrogen

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2
Q

corticosteroid binding globulin is the transport protein for…

A

progesterone

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3
Q

what increases the presence of SHBG?

A

estrogen and thyroxine

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4
Q

what decreases the presence of SHBG?

A

progesterone and androgens

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5
Q

do the proportions of free vs bound estradiol vary during the menstrual cycle?

A

no

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6
Q

GnRH is released in a pulsitile manner. Low pulse frequency stimulates which gonadotropes?

A

FSH

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7
Q

GnRH is released in a pulsitile manner. High pulse frequency stimulates which gonadotropes?

A

LH

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8
Q

what two hormones stimulate ovarian follicles?

A

FSH and LH

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9
Q

This hormone induces inhibin release from granulosa cells.

A

FSH

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10
Q

inhibin has a ____ feedback on FSH release

A

negative

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11
Q

What hormone exerts positive feedback for gonadotropes?

A

estrogen

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12
Q

Prolactin, stress, exercise, endorphins and chronic illness inhibit…

A

GnRH release

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13
Q

Why are estrogen levels high during ovulation?

A

dominant follicle has positive cycle for estrogen synthesis

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14
Q

High estrogen during ovulation exhibits positive feedback on what two regions?

A

hypothalamus

pituitary

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15
Q

Estrogen stimulates the increase of what via positive feedback in the hypothalamus?

A

increased GnRH pulse frequency

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16
Q

Estrogen stimulates the increase of what via positive feedback in the pituitary

A

increased GnRH receptors

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17
Q

Estrogen’s positive feedback effects on the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland results in an explosive surge in what hormone at midcycle?

A

LH

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18
Q

Why doesn’t FSH increase midcycle?

A

inhibin release from follicle

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19
Q

The LH surge broadly leads to what?

A

ovulation

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20
Q

What process has the following effects?

  • conversion of antral follicle to graafian follicle
  • meiosis resumed
  • production of proteolytic follicle enzymes
  • increased prostaglandins
  • defferntiation of follicle cells to corpus luteum
A

LH Surge

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21
Q

luteal cells make what two hormones in high levels?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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22
Q

Of the two hormones synthesized by luteal cells, which one has a negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

progesterone

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23
Q

Progesterones negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary during the luteal phase suppresses positive feedback mechanism of what?

A

estrogen

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24
Q

What prevents a second LH surge?

A

progesterone negative feedback on pituitary and hypothalamus

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25
Q

if pregnancy occurs, what hormone is secreted by the placenta?

A

placental hCG

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26
Q

Suppression of estrogen’s positive feedback mechanism by progesterone, results in inhibited release of…

A

FSH and LH

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27
Q

In a low LH environment, what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

degeneration, declining progesterone

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28
Q

As the corpus luteum degrades, what allows the cycle to begin again?

A

low progesterone causes increased FSH

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29
Q

The Endometrial/Uterine cycle averages how many days?

A

28 days

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30
Q

this process reflects the hormonal changes that occur during the ovarian cycle…

A

endometrial cycle

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31
Q

The Uterine Cycle consists of what three phases?

A 
menstrual phase (0-4 days)
proliferative phase (5-14 days)
secretory phase (Days 15-28)
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32
Q

The Menstrual phase of the uterine cycle coincides with the end of the ovarian _____

A

luteal phase

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33
Q

Menses occurs ___ days after ovulation regardless of cycle length

A

14 days

34
Q

if a cycle lasts longer then 28 days, what phase is extended?

A

proliferative/follicular phase

35
Q

The release of these during the menstrual phase has the following effects:

  • vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels resulting in endometrial death
  • stimulates mild rhythmic uterine mymetrial contractions
  • endometrial debris and blood expelled from uterine cavity to vagina
A

prostaglandins

36
Q

This phase of the uterine cycle begins concurrent with the last portion of the ovarian follicular phase

A

proliferative phase

37
Q

During the proliferative phase, what is happening to the endometrium?

A

repair and proliferation

38
Q

Newly growing follicles release what hormone to assist with endometiral repair and proliferation?

A

estrogen

39
Q

The estrogen dominant proliferative phase lasts from ____ to _____

A

end of menstruation to ovulation

40
Q

What triggers the LH surge responsible for ovulation?

A

peak estrogen level

41
Q

The uterus enters this phase after ovulation when the new corpus luteum is formed…

A

secretory/progestational phase

42
Q

The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and estrogen. Which of these hormones converts endometrium to highly vascular, glycogen filled tissue?

A

progesterone

43
Q

Endometrial glands actively secrete…

A

glycogen

44
Q

What causes the breakdown of endometrium during the menstrual phase?

A

withdrawal of hormones

45
Q

What mediates the growth of the endometrium during the proliferative phase?

A

estrogen from follicle

46
Q

What mediates vascularization of the endometrium during the secretory phase?

A

progesterone from corpus luteum

47
Q

Estrogen has what 2 effects in the fallopian tubes?

A

increased cilia and cilia activity

ovum drawn into tube

48
Q

In uterus myometrium, estrogen has what 2 effects?

A

increased oxytocin receptors

contraction

49
Q

In uterus endometrium, estrogen has what 2 effects?

A

thickening, increased permeability and blood supply

progesterone receptor synthesis

50
Q

on the cervix, estrogen has what two effects?

A

thin, watery, alkaline mucous

increased distensibility (easier birth)

51
Q

In the vagina, estrogen has what 2 effects?

A

epithelial proliferation

increased vaginal secretion

52
Q

Growth of mammary glands requires what hormone?

A

estrogen

53
Q

Estrogen has what effect on body habitus?

A

increased deposit of subQ fat

54
Q

Estrogen has what effect on calcium?

A

increased uptake to bone

55
Q

Estrogen has what effect on body hair?

A

promotes pubic axillary growth

inhibits body/facial hair grwoth

56
Q

Estrogen increases the absorption of what three substances, which contribute to bloating during the menstrual cycle?

A

Na, Cl, water

57
Q

In the heart, estrogen has what three effects?

A

high HDL, low LDL

vasodilation

decreased atherosclerosis

58
Q

Progesterone has what 3 effects in the uterus?

A

increased development/differentiation of endometrium

induces placenta formation

decreased contractility

59
Q

The actions of progesterone require what hormone in order to provide stimulation?

A

estrogen

60
Q

In the cervix, progesterone has what three effects?

A

estrogen antagonism

decreased distensibility

thick, acidic mucous

61
Q

In the vagina, progesterone has what two effects?

A

estrogen antagonism

decreased epithelial proliferation

62
Q

In the mammary gland, progesterone is responsible for…

A

increased branching of ducts

development of lobules and alveoli

63
Q

In the body, progesterone has what two effects

A

increased temp after ovulation

increased appetite

64
Q

What effect does progesterone have on kidney electrolytes?

A

decreased sodium absorption via aldosterone competition

65
Q

This hormone..

hormone of pregnancy

responsible for implantation of zygote

responsible for maintenance of pregnant state

A

progesterone

66
Q

This hormone…

responsible for growth and development of vagina, uterus and oviducts

A

estrogen

67
Q

Progesterone acts on _____ primed tissues, and typically _______ estrogen’s effects

A

acts on estrogen primed tissue

antagonizes estrogen’s effects

68
Q

Menstrual cramps begin when, and last how long?

A

begin with menstruation, last 1-2 days

69
Q

What causes menstrual cramps?

A

contractions via increased prostaglandin

70
Q

This is a complex of sxs occurring in the luteal phase.

40% of women experience this

severe impairment occurs in 5%

A

PMS

71
Q

What disorder?

PMS sxs related to severe mood disorder

A

PMDD

72
Q

Decline in fertility is associated with what?

A

decline in ovarian function, drop in critical mass of primordial follicles

73
Q

What is the mean age and range of menopause?

A

mean: 51.4
range: 40-58

74
Q

What climacteric event occurs at about 37.5?

A

follicular atresia acceleration

75
Q

this is caused by…

Decreased follicle pool

decreased inhibin

increased FSH

faster follicle maturation and shorter cycle

A

perimenopause (early)

76
Q

this is caused by…

severely decreased follicle pool

decreased E2 leading to longer cycle

OR

insufficient E2 leading to anovulatory state

A

perimenopause (late)

77
Q

This is caused by…

severely decreased follicle pool

severely diminished E2

severely increased LH and FSH

Cycle arrest

A

menopause

78
Q

Menopause can be diagnosed when FSH levels are…

A

> 30 mlU/ml

79
Q

No menses for 12 months in women in typical age range would indicate

A

menopause

80
Q 
Hot flashes
urogenital atrophy
cognitive decline
osteoporosis
CVD risk

these are associated with…

A

menopause

81
Q

What are the three types of tubectomy?

A

banded, cauterized, tie and cut

82
Q

These drugs prevent ovulation via negative feedback on the anterior pituitary, preventing what?

A

oral contraceptives: prevent LH surge

Physiology II (28 decks)

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