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Physiology II > Female Reproduction and Menopause Part II > Flashcards

Female Reproduction and Menopause Part II Flashcards

1
Q

sex hormone binding globulin is the transport protein for…

A

estrogen

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2
Q

corticosteroid binding globulin is the transport protein for…

A

progesterone

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3
Q

what increases the presence of SHBG?

A

estrogen and thyroxine

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4
Q

what decreases the presence of SHBG?

A

progesterone and androgens

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5
Q

do the proportions of free vs bound estradiol vary during the menstrual cycle?

A

no

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6
Q

GnRH is released in a pulsitile manner. Low pulse frequency stimulates which gonadotropes?

A

FSH

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7
Q

GnRH is released in a pulsitile manner. High pulse frequency stimulates which gonadotropes?

A

LH

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8
Q

what two hormones stimulate ovarian follicles?

A

FSH and LH

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9
Q

This hormone induces inhibin release from granulosa cells.

A

FSH

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10
Q

inhibin has a ____ feedback on FSH release

A

negative

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11
Q

What hormone exerts positive feedback for gonadotropes?

A

estrogen

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12
Q

Prolactin, stress, exercise, endorphins and chronic illness inhibit…

A

GnRH release

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13
Q

Why are estrogen levels high during ovulation?

A

dominant follicle has positive cycle for estrogen synthesis

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14
Q

High estrogen during ovulation exhibits positive feedback on what two regions?

A

hypothalamus

pituitary

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15
Q

Estrogen stimulates the increase of what via positive feedback in the hypothalamus?

A

increased GnRH pulse frequency

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16
Q

Estrogen stimulates the increase of what via positive feedback in the pituitary

A

increased GnRH receptors

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17
Q

Estrogen’s positive feedback effects on the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland results in an explosive surge in what hormone at midcycle?

A

LH

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18
Q

Why doesn’t FSH increase midcycle?

A

inhibin release from follicle

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19
Q

The LH surge broadly leads to what?

A

ovulation

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20
Q

What process has the following effects?

  • conversion of antral follicle to graafian follicle
  • meiosis resumed
  • production of proteolytic follicle enzymes
  • increased prostaglandins
  • defferntiation of follicle cells to corpus luteum
A

LH Surge

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21
Q

luteal cells make what two hormones in high levels?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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22
Q

Of the two hormones synthesized by luteal cells, which one has a negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

progesterone

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23
Q

Progesterones negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary during the luteal phase suppresses positive feedback mechanism of what?

A

estrogen

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24
Q

What prevents a second LH surge?

A

progesterone negative feedback on pituitary and hypothalamus

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25
if pregnancy occurs, what hormone is secreted by the placenta?
placental hCG
26
Suppression of estrogen's positive feedback mechanism by progesterone, results in inhibited release of...
FSH and LH
27
In a low LH environment, what happens to the corpus luteum?
degeneration, declining progesterone
28
As the corpus luteum degrades, what allows the cycle to begin again?
low progesterone causes increased FSH
29
The Endometrial/Uterine cycle averages how many days?
28 days
30
this process reflects the hormonal changes that occur during the ovarian cycle...
endometrial cycle
31
The Uterine Cycle consists of what three phases?
``` menstrual phase (0-4 days) proliferative phase (5-14 days) secretory phase (Days 15-28) ```
32
The Menstrual phase of the uterine cycle coincides with the end of the ovarian _____
luteal phase
33
Menses occurs ___ days after ovulation regardless of cycle length
14 days
34
if a cycle lasts longer then 28 days, what phase is extended?
proliferative/follicular phase
35
The release of these during the menstrual phase has the following effects: - vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels resulting in endometrial death - stimulates mild rhythmic uterine mymetrial contractions - endometrial debris and blood expelled from uterine cavity to vagina
prostaglandins
36
This phase of the uterine cycle begins concurrent with the last portion of the ovarian follicular phase
proliferative phase
37
During the proliferative phase, what is happening to the endometrium?
repair and proliferation
38
Newly growing follicles release what hormone to assist with endometiral repair and proliferation?
estrogen
39
The estrogen dominant proliferative phase lasts from ____ to _____
end of menstruation to ovulation
40
What triggers the LH surge responsible for ovulation?
peak estrogen level
41
The uterus enters this phase after ovulation when the new corpus luteum is formed...
secretory/progestational phase
42
The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and estrogen. Which of these hormones converts endometrium to highly vascular, glycogen filled tissue?
progesterone
43
Endometrial glands actively secrete...
glycogen
44
What causes the breakdown of endometrium during the menstrual phase?
withdrawal of hormones
45
What mediates the growth of the endometrium during the proliferative phase?
estrogen from follicle
46
What mediates vascularization of the endometrium during the secretory phase?
progesterone from corpus luteum
47
Estrogen has what 2 effects in the fallopian tubes?
increased cilia and cilia activity ovum drawn into tube
48
In uterus myometrium, estrogen has what 2 effects?
increased oxytocin receptors contraction
49
In uterus endometrium, estrogen has what 2 effects?
thickening, increased permeability and blood supply progesterone receptor synthesis
50
on the cervix, estrogen has what two effects?
thin, watery, alkaline mucous increased distensibility (easier birth)
51
In the vagina, estrogen has what 2 effects?
epithelial proliferation increased vaginal secretion
52
Growth of mammary glands requires what hormone?
estrogen
53
Estrogen has what effect on body habitus?
increased deposit of subQ fat
54
Estrogen has what effect on calcium?
increased uptake to bone
55
Estrogen has what effect on body hair?
promotes pubic axillary growth inhibits body/facial hair grwoth
56
Estrogen increases the absorption of what three substances, which contribute to bloating during the menstrual cycle?
Na, Cl, water
57
In the heart, estrogen has what three effects?
high HDL, low LDL vasodilation decreased atherosclerosis
58
Progesterone has what 3 effects in the uterus?
increased development/differentiation of endometrium induces placenta formation decreased contractility
59
The actions of progesterone require what hormone in order to provide stimulation?
estrogen
60
In the cervix, progesterone has what three effects?
estrogen antagonism decreased distensibility thick, acidic mucous
61
In the vagina, progesterone has what two effects?
estrogen antagonism decreased epithelial proliferation
62
In the mammary gland, progesterone is responsible for...
increased branching of ducts development of lobules and alveoli
63
In the body, progesterone has what two effects
increased temp after ovulation increased appetite
64
What effect does progesterone have on kidney electrolytes?
decreased sodium absorption via aldosterone competition
65
This hormone.. hormone of pregnancy responsible for implantation of zygote responsible for maintenance of pregnant state
progesterone
66
This hormone... responsible for growth and development of vagina, uterus and oviducts
estrogen
67
Progesterone acts on _____ primed tissues, and typically _______ estrogen's effects
acts on estrogen primed tissue antagonizes estrogen's effects
68
Menstrual cramps begin when, and last how long?
begin with menstruation, last 1-2 days
69
What causes menstrual cramps?
contractions via increased prostaglandin
70
This is a complex of sxs occurring in the luteal phase. 40% of women experience this severe impairment occurs in 5%
PMS
71
What disorder? PMS sxs related to severe mood disorder
PMDD
72
Decline in fertility is associated with what?
decline in ovarian function, drop in critical mass of primordial follicles
73
What is the mean age and range of menopause?
mean: 51.4 range: 40-58
74
What climacteric event occurs at about 37.5?
follicular atresia acceleration
75
this is caused by... Decreased follicle pool decreased inhibin increased FSH faster follicle maturation and shorter cycle
perimenopause (early)
76
this is caused by... severely decreased follicle pool decreased E2 leading to longer cycle OR insufficient E2 leading to anovulatory state
perimenopause (late)
77
This is caused by... severely decreased follicle pool severely diminished E2 severely increased LH and FSH Cycle arrest
menopause
78
Menopause can be diagnosed when FSH levels are...
> 30 mlU/ml
79
No menses for 12 months in women in typical age range would indicate
menopause
80
``` Hot flashes urogenital atrophy cognitive decline osteoporosis CVD risk ``` these are associated with...
menopause
81
What are the three types of tubectomy?
banded, cauterized, tie and cut
82
These drugs prevent ovulation via negative feedback on the anterior pituitary, preventing what?
oral contraceptives: prevent LH surge

Physiology II (28 decks)

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