Endocrine: Pancreas

Question 1

Beta cells secrete…

Answer 1

insulin, amylin

Question 2

somatostatin inhibits digestive fxn. it is secreted by which cells

Answer 2

delta cells

Question 3

pancreatic polypeptide may reduce appetite and food intake. it is released by…

Answer 3

gamma cells

Question 4

this is the appetite stimulating hormone released by epsilon cells

Answer 4

ghrelin

Question 5

What are the 4 stimulatory mechanisms for Beta cells to secrete insulin?

Answer 5

increased blood glucose, AA, incretins

PNS

Question 6

What is the inhibitory mechanism for insulin secretion from beta cells?

Answer 6

alpha adrenergic stimulation

Question 7

_____ is a marker of beta cell function

Answer 7

c-peptide

Question 8

Mechanism of excitation-secretion coupling in beta cells: (8 steps)

Answer 8

1. glucose depolarization
2. GLUT2 glucose entry
3. Glucose –> G6P –> ATP
4. ATP closes K channel
5. K mediated depolarization
6. voltage gated Ca channel opening
7. Ca enters

8 Ca mediated release of insulin vesicles

Question 9

Insulin has what effect on CHO, Prot, Lipids

Answer 9

increase storage

Question 10

Classify the 4 types of GLUT transporters:

Answer 10

1: BBB
2: kidney intestine
3: neurons
4: adipose, muscle other cells

Question 11

Binding of insulin on insulin/IGF-1 receptors has what effect on membrane channels?

Answer 11

increases GLUT4

Question 12

disruption in what pathway may explain insulin resistance in T2DM

Answer 12

MAP-kinase

Question 13

What three tests can diagnose diabetes, and with what values?

Answer 13

FPG: > 126

OGTT: > 140 then > 180

A1c: > 6.5

Question 14

Describe the mechanism of renal failure, CNS disorder in DM by insulin deficiency…

Answer 14

dehydration –> hypovolemia –> reduce peripheral flow –> reduced RBF –> renal failure

Question 15

Describe the mechanism of nerve cell malfunction/neuropathy in DM

Answer 15

dehydration –> cell shrinking –> nerve cell malfunction

Question 16

Increased blood amino acids in DM leads to…

Answer 16

gluconeogenesis

Question 17

What inhibits glucagon?

Answer 17

high glucose, somatostatin

Question 18

Glucagon is stimulated by…

Answer 18

low glucose, epi (beta 2), vagal stimulation

Question 19

Proglucagon is lysed to yield…

Answer 19

glucagon and incretin (GLP1)

Question 20

GLP1 is released with high glucose, and stimulates…

Answer 20

insulin release

Question 21

Does glucagon affect blood amino acids?

Answer 21

minimally

Question 22

somatostatin is believed to have what effect on insulin and glucagon?

Answer 22

inhibitory via hyperpolarization

Question 23

what stimulates the release of somatostatin?

Answer 23

high fat, CHO, protein meals

Question 24

What are 5 diabetogenic hormones? (increase blood glucose)

Answer 24

Glucagon, epi, cortisol, GH/IGF-1, Thyroid hormone

Question 25

Which hormone has the following effects on blood glucose? - increased glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glucagon secretion - decreased insulin via alpha stimulation of beta cells

Answer 25

epi

Question 26

Which hormone has the following effects on blood glucose? increased gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis in early fast, glygogenesis in late fast Glucose sparing decreased glucose uptake everywhere but brain

Answer 26

cortisol

Question 27

Glucose is detected in what part of the hypothalamus?

Answer 27

arcuate nucleus via insulin, leptin, GLP-1

Question 28

_____ is primarily responsible for regulating food intake and body composition

Answer 28

hypothalamic brain centers