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Physiology II > Endocrine: Adrenal > Flashcards

Endocrine: Adrenal Flashcards

1
Q

Arterial blood supply to kidneys?

A

superior, middle, inferior suprarenal

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2
Q

Which vein returns blood from kidney?

A

suprerenal v.

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3
Q

The sinusoid system of blood flow in the kidney allows what to be modulated?

A

enzymatic activity in medulla

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4
Q

Which zone of adrenal gland?

aldosterone synth

A

zona glomerulosa

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5
Q

Which zone of adrenal gland?

cortisol synth

A

zona fasciculata

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6
Q

Which zone of adrenal gland?

DHEA synth

A

zona reticularis

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7
Q

Which zone of adrenal gland?

catecholamine synth

A

medulla

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8
Q

The order of zonate structures in the adrenal from superficial to deep…

A

ZG
ZF
ZR

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9
Q

Synthesis of these two hormones is under pituitary ACTH control…

A

Cortisol and androgens

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10
Q

Synthesis of this hormone is under pituitary ACTH and RAAS control

A

aldo

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11
Q

Synthesis of medullae are under control of…

A

SNS

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12
Q

What is the basis of steroid synthesis throughout the layers of the adrenal gland?

A

absence or presence of enzymes

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13
Q

1st step of steroid hormone biosynthesis… catalyzed by…

A

cholesterol to pregnenolone

via cholesterol desmolase

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14
Q

What is the rate limiting step of steroid hormone synthesis?

A

cholesterol to pregnenolone

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15
Q

Cholesterol desmolase is dependent on the action of which protein, and what hormone?

A

StaR transport to inner mito

ACTH stimulation

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16
Q

Thee methods of cholesterol liberation…

A

LDL

hydrolysis of cholesterol esters

de novo by ACoA

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17
Q

Progression from cholesterol to aldosterone…

A

Cholesterol

to

pregnenolone

to

progesterone

to

11-deoxycorticosterone

to

corticosterone

to

aldosterone

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18
Q

Enzyme for…

pregnenolone to progesterone

A

3B-HSD

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19
Q

Enzyme for…

progesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone

A

21B-Hydroxylase

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20
Q

Enzyme for…

11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone

A

11B-Hydroxylase

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21
Q

Enzyme for…

Corticosterone to aldosterone

A

aldosterone synthase (+ ATII)

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22
Q

The zona glomerulosa lacks which enzyme, ensuring pregnenolone can only be converted to progesterone…

A

17-a-hydroxylase

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23
Q

What substances stimulate aldosterone secretion, and rank them in order…

A

ANG II > Increase K > ACTH

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24
Q

Aldosterone binds to ______ which can then bind to ______ to stimulate sodium reabsorption, potasium/H+ secretion

A

binds to MR1

MR1 binds to MRE

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25
A patient presents with... ```  Increased Na reabsorption: hypernatremia, fluid retention and hypertension  Increased K + secretion: hypokalemia  Increased H secretion: metabolic alkalosis  Low renin levels ```
Conn's syndrome
26
Deficiency in 17-a-hydroxylase leads to...
increased 11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone no androgens, GC
27
Why is aldosterone level low in 17-a-hydroxylase deficiency?
corticosterone excess leads to HTN
28
Three signs of 17-a-hydroxylase deficiency...
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
29
The Z. fasciculata converts cholesterol to...
cortisol and corticosterone
30
Which enzyme? pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone
17-a-hydroxylase
31
which enzyme? progesterone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone
17-a-hydroxylase
32
which enzyme? 17-hydroxypregnenolone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone
3B-HSD
33
Z. Reticularis has which enzymes? (4)
Cholesterol desmolase 3B-HSD (vertical) 17-a-hydroxylase (horizontal) 17,20-lyase (horizontal )
34
Z. Fasciculata has which enzymes? (5)
Cholesterol desmolase 17-a-hydroxylase (horizontal) 3B-HSD (vertical) 21B-hydroxylase (vertical) 11B-hydroxylase (Vertical)
35
which 2 enzymes does Z. Fasciculata lack? meaning what can't be produced?
aldo. synthase: no aldo 17,20-lyase: no androgens
36
In cortisol synthesis, 17-hydroxypregnenolone is converted to...
17-hydroxyprogesterone (3B-HSD)
37
In cortisol synth, 17-hydroxyprogesterone is converted to...
11-deoxycortisol (21B-hydroxylase)
38
in cortisol synth, 11-deoxycortisol is converted to...
cortisol (11B-hydroxylase)
39
Rows of Enzymes in Adrenal Hormone Synthesis (5 rows)
Row 1: desmolase Row 2: 3B-HSD Row 3: 21B-hydroxylase Row 4: 11B-hydroxylase Row 5: aldo synthase
40
Columns of Enzymes in adrenal hormone synthesis (2 columns)
Column 1: 17-a-hydroxylase Column 2: 17,20-lyase
41
In androgen synthesis, cholesterol is converted to...
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) androstenedione
42
In androgen synthesis, 17-hydroxypregnenolone is converted to...
DHEA (17,20-lyase)
43
in androgen synthesis, 17-hydroxyprogesterone is converted
androstendione (17,20-lyase)
44
Cortisol has what effect on CRH?
direct inhibition inhibits CRH on corticotrophs
45
ACTH release is...
circadian and pulsitile
46
CORT secretion occurs ____ and drops ____
high in morning, drops throughout day
47
In times of stress, ACTH secretion is enhanced by...
increased amplitude, not frequency
48
Describe the actions of cortisol on glucose...
decreased glucose utilization in fat and liver decreased insulin sensitivity
49
Cortisol has what effect on protein catabolism and lipolysis?
increased
50
Cortisol effect on bone...
inhibit bone formation
51
anti-inflammatory/immune effects of cortisol
inhibits IL-2 inhibits lipocortin, decreased PGs and LTs
52
In the CV system, cortisol up-regulates what receptor?
alpha-1
53
In addition to the GR receptor, cortisol can bind ___ because it is closely related to aldosterone...
MR receptor
54
11B-HSD Type II has what effect on cortisol?
cortisol to cortisone: inactivation
55
What are three factors that enhance specificity of MR to aldosterone instead of cortisol?
cortisol binding to albumin, CBG 11B-HSD Type II Slow aldo dissociation from MR
56
11B-HSD Type I does what?
cortisone to cortisol: activation
57
Where is 11B-HSD Type I expressed? What effect does this have on insulin?
adipose tissue, can lead to insulin resistance
58
Which condition? Decreased cortisol, aldo, androgens hyperpigmentation on elbows, knees, nipples, scars
Addison's, Primary adrenocortical insufficiency
59
What three are compounds are responsible for the skin pigmentation in addison's?
y-MSH, a-MSH, B-MSH via increased POMC/ACTH
60
Which condition: low ACTH normal aldo no hyperpigmentation
secondary/tertiary adrenal cortical insufficiency
61
Cushing syndrome is caused by _____ while disease is caused by _____
syndrome: adrenal hyperplasia Disease: excess ACTH
62
Cushings, ACTH is ___ while cortisol is___
low ACTH, high cortisol
63
Which condition? masculinization: penis-like clitoris, scrotum-like labia sodium loss, hypoglycemia no GC or MC
21B-hydroxylase deficiency
64
Why are ACTH levels high in 21B-hydroxylase deficiency?
no cortisol neg feedback on ACTH
65
Synthesis of catecholamines occurs in what cell type?
chromaffin cells of medulla
66
What is the pathway of compounds for catecholamine synth?
tyrosine to DOPA to DA to NE to Epi
67
Which step of catecholamine synthesis occurs in granules?
DA to NE
68
Epi is produced in cytosol and stored...
in granules
69
Rate limiting step of catecholamine synthesis?
Tyr to DOPA (via tyrosine hydroxylase)
70
Enzyme for DOPA to DA
amino acid decarboxylase
71
enzyme for DA to NE
dopamine-B-hydroxylase
72
Enzyme for NE to Epi
phyneylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
73
Acute stimulation has what effect on tyrosine hydroxylase?
increased activity
74
chronic stimulation of tyrosine hydroxylase has what effect...
increased expression and concentration
75
What role does cortisol play in catecholamine synthesis?
activates phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
76
What degrades NE? where?
MAO, neuronal cytopalsm
77
What degrades Epi?
COMT, heart/liver/kidney
78
MAO and COMT convert catecholamines to...
MHPG
79
MHPG is converted to ____ which can be excreted in the urine.
VMA
80
____ is an index of SNS activity/pathology
VMA

Physiology II (28 decks)

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