Endocrine: Fat

Question 1

BMI for obese, overweight, healthy, underweight

Answer 1

30+ obese
25-29.5 overweight
18.5-24.9 healthy
< 18.5 underweight

Question 2

BMI formula

Answer 2

lbs x 703 / inches

Question 3

What are thee types of adipocytes?

Answer 3

White brown beige

Question 4

Adipocytes are located in what two types of fat depots?

Answer 4

white adipose tissue

brown adipose tissue

Question 5

What type of cells are inside white adipose tissue?

Answer 5

adipocytes
pre-adipo
fibroblasts
endothelial
nerve
macrophage

Question 6

Heat generation in brown fat is dependent on…

Answer 6

UCP1 transcription via GCPR

Question 7

What is the mechanism of BAT transcribing UCP-1?

Answer 7

Epi binds GCPR

cAMP activates 5-mono deiodinase

5-mono deiodinase converts T4 to T3

T3 binds THR-RXR

UCP1 transcribed

Question 8

Uncoupled mitochondria in BAT refers to the presence of…

Answer 8

UCP1

Question 9

What allows direct transfer of food energy to heat energy in brown adipose tissue?

Answer 9

UCP1

Question 10

What happens to BAT tissue in the cold or epinephrine?

Answer 10

increased activity

Question 11

What type of fat?

occurs in WAT

intermediate mitochondria

UCP1

lipid droplets

less heat production than BAT

Answer 11

beige fat

Question 12

Which skeletal muscle hormone may induce beige fat?

Answer 12

irisin

Question 13

Insulin has what 3 effects on fat?

Answer 13

Stimulates LPL (FA to TG), GLUT4

Inhibits HSL

Question 14

Which hormones have the following effect?

increased HSL

Actions: TG to FA

Answer 14

epi, cortisol, glucagon, GH

Question 15

Does thyroid hormone regulate fuel metabolites? why?

Answer 15

no, onset too slow

Question 16

Men have more ____ fat while women _____have more…

Answer 16

men: visceral
women: SC

Question 17

Are men or women less sensitive to anti-lipolytic effects of insulin?

Answer 17

men less sensitive

Question 18

Testosterone has what effect on WAT in men?

Answer 18

decreased SC WAT, increased visceral WAT

Question 19

What contributes to higher adiposity in women?

Answer 19

increased insulin sensitivity

Question 20

Rank SC, gluteal, visceral WAT in order of most metabolic activity…

Answer 20

Visceral > SC > gluteal

Question 21

Which type of WAT is estrogen sensitive, which is testosterone sensitive?

Answer 21

Gluteal: estrogen

Visceral: T

Question 22

Which types of WAT have anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages?

Answer 22

SC and Gluteal femoral

Question 23

Rank WAT types in terms of disease risk from highest to lowest

Answer 23

Visceral&raquo_space; SC > gluteal

Question 24

Is it possible to reverse hyperplasia (adipocyte number) that occurs during infancy, puberty and pregnancy?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

Is hypertrophy of adipocytes possible?

Answer 25

yes, by 1000x

Question 26

Does this describe women or men fat distro? - lower BAT - Increased FA uptake - Decreased insulin inhibition of lipolysis - increased visceral fat - decreased direct FFA uptake

Answer 26

men

Question 27

Does this describe women or men fat distro? - increased BAT - increased leptin/adiponectin - increased liposysis - increased SC fat

Answer 27

women

Question 28

Which major adipokine? -metabolic regulator and feedback signal for appetite

Answer 28

leptin

Question 29

Which major adipokine? -insulin sensitizing, anti-inflammatory

Answer 29

adiponectin

Question 30

Which adipokine? associated with T2DM and elevated LDL

Answer 30

resistin

Question 31

Which adipokine? maintenance of body metabolism and insulin sensitivity anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic

Answer 31

omentin

Question 32

which adipokine? released from visceral fat hypoglycemic effects

Answer 32

visfatin

Question 33

These two hormones are more prevalent in subcutaneous fat

Answer 33

leptin, adiponectin

Question 34

These two hormones are more common in visceral fat

Answer 34

TNF-a, IL-6

Question 35

Overexpression of adiponectin may lead to increased SC fat, but what effect does it have on insulin resistance?

Answer 35

protection from insulin resistance

Question 36

What are the three pro-inflammatory adipokines?

Answer 36

TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1

Question 37

pro-inflammatory adipokines are released by ___ macrophages, and have what effect?

Answer 37

M1 macrophages, inhibit insulin

Question 38

Fat inflammation can cause...

Answer 38

necrosis

Question 39

Leptin, insulin and ghrelin work on what part of the hypothalamus?

Answer 39

ARC

Question 40

______ suppresses appetite, and is anorexigenic

Answer 40

POMC

Question 41

________ and ______ are appetite stimulants and are orexigenic. They also decrease BMP and fertility

Answer 41

NPY and AgRP

Question 42

Ghrelin is released by the stomach and inhibits _____ while stimulating...

Answer 42

inhibits leptin/POMC stimulates NYP/AgRP

Question 43

What are 5 anorexigenic inputs?

Answer 43

``` leptin insulin (inhibit NYP) amylin peptide PTT (inhib. NPY) CCK ```

Question 44

Profound weight loss can decrease metabolism via which hormone?

Answer 44

decreased leptin

Question 45

leptin stimulates gluconeogenesis via ____ and heart/muscle/BAT glucose uptake via ____

Answer 45

liver: vagal stim heart/muscle/BAT: SNS

Question 46

What is the proposed mechanism for leptin resistance in overweight individuals?

Answer 46

decreased BBB permeability