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Physiology II > Female Reproduction and Menopause Part I > Flashcards

Female Reproduction and Menopause Part I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary female reproductive organs?

A

ovaries

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2
Q

What are two main functions of ovaries?

A

produce ova

secrete female sex hormones

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3
Q

What female sex hormone?

  • secondary sex characteristics
  • ova maturation and release
  • increases progesterone receptors
  • increased sperm viability in female
  • breast development for lactation
A

Estrogen

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4
Q

What female sex hormone?

  • prepares uterus for nourishment of embryo/fetus
  • contributes to breast’s ability to produce milk
A

progesterone

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5
Q

Which cell type in oogenesis?

  • undergo mitosis until 20-24 weeks
  • peak at 6-7M oogonia
A

primordial germ cells

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6
Q

What cell type in oogenesis?

  • enter prophase I of meiosis to become primary oocytes
  • enclosed by layer of pre-granulosa cells
  • Development arrested in phrophase I of meiosis
A

oogonia

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7
Q

what cell type in oogenesis?

  • remain arrested in prophase I of meiosis until just before ovulation
  • meiosis resumed in oocyte released at ovulation
A

primary oocytes

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8
Q

how many primary oocytes are ovulated throughout life?

A

400-500

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9
Q

______ undergo mitotic proliferation just prior to birth

A

oogonium

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10
Q

_____ are daughter cells of oogonium that are arrested in first meiotic division.

A

primary oocytes

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11
Q

After puberty, one of these cells reaches maturity and is ovulated once a month until menopause

A

enlarged primary oocyte

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12
Q

The first meiotic division of the enlarged primary oocyte occurs when?

A

just prior to ovulation

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13
Q

The meiotic division of the enlarged primary oocyte results in what two cell types?

A

1st polar body and secondary oocyte

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14
Q

The second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte occurs when?

A

after fertilization

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15
Q

the secondary oocyte undergoes the second meiotic division to produce what two cell types?

A

mature ovum, second polar body

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16
Q

what is the fate of polar bodies in oogenesis?

A

degeneration

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17
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte if no fertilization?

A

oocyte discarded in menses without completing oogenesis

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18
Q

Fertilization of the secondary oocyte triggers ____

A

second meiotic division

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19
Q

The second meiotic division of a fertilized secondary oocyte results in…

A

haploid second polar body

mature haploid ovum

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20
Q

it takes ____ to ____ years to complete oogenesis on a cyclic basic from puberty to menopause

A

12-50 years

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21
Q

each primary oocyte yields…

A

1 cytoplasm rich ovum

3 cytoplasm poor polar bodies

22
Q

The ovarian cycle consists of what two alternating phases?

A

follicular phase

luteal phase

23
Q

the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is dominated by…

A

maturing follicles

24
Q

The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by…

A

corpus luteum

25
in development of a primordial follicle to a preantral follicle, one of the first steps is _____ cells of primary follicle becoming cuboidal
pre-granulosa cells
26
The cuboidal granulosa cells of the primary follicle secrete a gel-like substance covering the oocyte called...
zona pellucida
27
In development of the primary follicle, the cuboidal granulosa cells proliferate, with the outermost laters becoming...
stratified
28
Ovarian tissue surrounding the pre-antral follicle differentiates into...
theca cells
29
Is the development of a primordial follicle to a preantral follicle hormone dependent?
no
30
Which two follicular cell types secrete increased amounts of estrogen?
granulosa and thecal cells
31
Follicular growth continues during follicular phase, and a fluid filled cavity called the _____ forms, which stores what substance?
antrum forms stores estrogen
32
This follicle grows more rapidly than others, and is matured about 14 days after onset of follicular development.
graafian follicle
33
what happens to the follicles that developed, but didn't become graafian follicles?
they degenerate
34
Ovulation occurs when the oocyte is released from the ovary after follicle rupture. This is mediated by what?
enzymatic digestion
35
Where does the oocyte released from the folicle end up?
oviduct
36
The follicular phase is the ____ 14 days of the ovarian cycle
first 14 days
37
The luteal phase is the ___ 14 days of the ovarian cycle
second 14 days
38
Luteinization occurs when old follicular cells transform into the ____
corpus luteum
39
Luteal cells are enlarged and produce what?
steroid hormones
40
corpus luteum means "yellow body"... why is it called this?
stores cholesterol
41
After ovulation, what 2 changes occur in the corpus luteum?
1. secretion of estrogen and progesterone | 2. become highly vascularized
42
the corpus luteum becomes fully function with ___ days of ovulation
4 days
43
For how long after becoming fully functional does the corpus luteum continue to increase in size?
4 or 5 days
44
What happens if the released oocyte is not fertilized and does not implant?
degeneration within 14 days
45
Degeneration of the corpus luteum results in its transformation into the...
corpus albicans
46
corpus albicans means "white body". why is it called this?
presence of fibrous tissue
47
what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization and implantation occur?
continued growth, estrogen, progesterone production
48
These follicular cells contain cholesterol desmolase, which converts cholesterol to androgens with LH stimulation during the follicular phase
theca cells
49
androgens produced by theca cells during the follicular phase will diffuse to what cell line?
granulosa cells
50
Granulosa cells contain aromatase, an enzyme that converts _____ to _____ with stimulation by what hormone?
androgens to estradiol FSH stimulation
51
When do theca and granulosa cells begin to secrete progesterone?
after conversion to luteal cells in luteal phase
52
What are the three fates of estrogen when granulosa cells are stimulated by FSH to convert androgen to estrogen?
1. secretion to blood 2. remain in follicle to contribute to antral formation 3. stimulate proliferaito of granulosa

Physiology II (28 decks)

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