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Physiology II > Female Reproduction and Menopause Part I > Flashcards

Female Reproduction and Menopause Part I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary female reproductive organs?

A

ovaries

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2
Q

What are two main functions of ovaries?

A

produce ova

secrete female sex hormones

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3
Q

What female sex hormone?

  • secondary sex characteristics
  • ova maturation and release
  • increases progesterone receptors
  • increased sperm viability in female
  • breast development for lactation
A

Estrogen

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4
Q

What female sex hormone?

  • prepares uterus for nourishment of embryo/fetus
  • contributes to breast’s ability to produce milk
A

progesterone

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5
Q

Which cell type in oogenesis?

  • undergo mitosis until 20-24 weeks
  • peak at 6-7M oogonia
A

primordial germ cells

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6
Q

What cell type in oogenesis?

  • enter prophase I of meiosis to become primary oocytes
  • enclosed by layer of pre-granulosa cells
  • Development arrested in phrophase I of meiosis
A

oogonia

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7
Q

what cell type in oogenesis?

  • remain arrested in prophase I of meiosis until just before ovulation
  • meiosis resumed in oocyte released at ovulation
A

primary oocytes

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8
Q

how many primary oocytes are ovulated throughout life?

A

400-500

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9
Q

______ undergo mitotic proliferation just prior to birth

A

oogonium

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10
Q

_____ are daughter cells of oogonium that are arrested in first meiotic division.

A

primary oocytes

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11
Q

After puberty, one of these cells reaches maturity and is ovulated once a month until menopause

A

enlarged primary oocyte

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12
Q

The first meiotic division of the enlarged primary oocyte occurs when?

A

just prior to ovulation

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13
Q

The meiotic division of the enlarged primary oocyte results in what two cell types?

A

1st polar body and secondary oocyte

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14
Q

The second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte occurs when?

A

after fertilization

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15
Q

the secondary oocyte undergoes the second meiotic division to produce what two cell types?

A

mature ovum, second polar body

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16
Q

what is the fate of polar bodies in oogenesis?

A

degeneration

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17
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte if no fertilization?

A

oocyte discarded in menses without completing oogenesis

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18
Q

Fertilization of the secondary oocyte triggers ____

A

second meiotic division

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19
Q

The second meiotic division of a fertilized secondary oocyte results in…

A

haploid second polar body

mature haploid ovum

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20
Q

it takes ____ to ____ years to complete oogenesis on a cyclic basic from puberty to menopause

A

12-50 years

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21
Q

each primary oocyte yields…

A

1 cytoplasm rich ovum

3 cytoplasm poor polar bodies

22
Q

The ovarian cycle consists of what two alternating phases?

A

follicular phase

luteal phase

23
Q

the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is dominated by…

A

maturing follicles

24
Q

The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by…

A

corpus luteum

25
Q

in development of a primordial follicle to a preantral follicle, one of the first steps is _____ cells of primary follicle becoming cuboidal

A

pre-granulosa cells

26
Q

The cuboidal granulosa cells of the primary follicle secrete a gel-like substance covering the oocyte called…

A

zona pellucida

27
Q

In development of the primary follicle, the cuboidal granulosa cells proliferate, with the outermost laters becoming…

A

stratified

28
Q

Ovarian tissue surrounding the pre-antral follicle differentiates into…

A

theca cells

29
Q

Is the development of a primordial follicle to a preantral follicle hormone dependent?

A

no

30
Q

Which two follicular cell types secrete increased amounts of estrogen?

A

granulosa and thecal cells

31
Q

Follicular growth continues during follicular phase, and a fluid filled cavity called the _____ forms, which stores what substance?

A

antrum forms

stores estrogen

32
Q

This follicle grows more rapidly than others, and is matured about 14 days after onset of follicular development.

A

graafian follicle

33
Q

what happens to the follicles that developed, but didn’t become graafian follicles?

A

they degenerate

34
Q

Ovulation occurs when the oocyte is released from the ovary after follicle rupture. This is mediated by what?

A

enzymatic digestion

35
Q

Where does the oocyte released from the folicle end up?

A

oviduct

36
Q

The follicular phase is the ____ 14 days of the ovarian cycle

A

first 14 days

37
Q

The luteal phase is the ___ 14 days of the ovarian cycle

A

second 14 days

38
Q

Luteinization occurs when old follicular cells transform into the ____

A

corpus luteum

39
Q

Luteal cells are enlarged and produce what?

A

steroid hormones

40
Q

corpus luteum means “yellow body”… why is it called this?

A

stores cholesterol

41
Q

After ovulation, what 2 changes occur in the corpus luteum?

A
  1. secretion of estrogen and progesterone

2. become highly vascularized

42
Q

the corpus luteum becomes fully function with ___ days of ovulation

A

4 days

43
Q

For how long after becoming fully functional does the corpus luteum continue to increase in size?

A

4 or 5 days

44
Q

What happens if the released oocyte is not fertilized and does not implant?

A

degeneration within 14 days

45
Q

Degeneration of the corpus luteum results in its transformation into the…

A

corpus albicans

46
Q

corpus albicans means “white body”. why is it called this?

A

presence of fibrous tissue

47
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization and implantation occur?

A

continued growth, estrogen, progesterone production

48
Q

These follicular cells contain cholesterol desmolase, which converts cholesterol to androgens with LH stimulation during the follicular phase

A

theca cells

49
Q

androgens produced by theca cells during the follicular phase will diffuse to what cell line?

A

granulosa cells

50
Q

Granulosa cells contain aromatase, an enzyme that converts _____ to _____ with stimulation by what hormone?

A

androgens to estradiol

FSH stimulation

51
Q

When do theca and granulosa cells begin to secrete progesterone?

A

after conversion to luteal cells in luteal phase

52
Q

What are the three fates of estrogen when granulosa cells are stimulated by FSH to convert androgen to estrogen?

A
  1. secretion to blood
  2. remain in follicle to contribute to antral formation
  3. stimulate proliferaito of granulosa

Physiology II (28 decks)

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