Renal Outflow Obstruction (and infection) Flashcards
What microorganism is associated with urinary tract infections?
E.coli
Who is commonly affected by UTI’s?
Females - due to the anatomy
What are predisposing factors to UTI’s?
Low urinary outflow
Poor bladder emptying
Urine should be sterile; what could be found in urine that would imply that there will be further problems?
White blood cells
Blood
How can urine be sampled?
Mid stream sample:
Allows the microorganisms residing in the urethra to be washed away before the sample is taken.
Also allows the sample to be taken before the microorganism start to reenter the urethra after urination.
Supra-pubic sample
Which urine sampling technique is least likely to encounter contamination?
Supra-pubic sampling
What can infected urine lead to?
Cystitis
Kidney infection - from reflux of infected urine.
Prostate infection
What is urethritis caused by?
Gonococcal infection
STI
What are the symptoms of a UTI?
Dysuria Cloudy urine Change in frequency of urination Foul smelling urine Supra-pubic pain
How is a UTI treated?
Increasing fluid intake
Increasing urination
Antibiotics: if infection is causing systemic symptoms e.g. raised temperature take amoxycillin.
What can cause urinary tract obstruction?
Renal calculi
External compression
Prostatic disease
Urinary tract strictures - scarring that causes narrowing.
What are renal calculi and how do they cause pain ?
Stones that form in the kidney and move to the bladder.
Pain arrises when the stones get stuck in the ureter and peristalsis, spasms and contractions occur around the trapped stone.
List the types of prostatic disease.
Prostatitis
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
prostatic cancer
What is prostatitis? How is this problematic?
Causes sudden narrowing of the urethra due to inflammation of the prostate surrounding it.
What further problems can prostatitis cause?
Can cause cystitis - bladder will have to contract harder to void the urine since the urethra is narrowed, the high pressure required to void urine is difficult to maintain = partial emptying of the bladder = inflammation.
