Embryology - Development of the face Flashcards

1
Q

When does the face begin to develop in utero?

A

4 - 8 weeks

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2
Q

When does the formation of the palate occur in utero?

A

6 - 10 weeks

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3
Q

When is the first bone laid down? Where is this bone?

A

6 - 7 weeks

Bone of the mandible

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4
Q

What are pharyngeal arches/branchial arches?

A

Outgrowths of anterior tissue bands that lie beneath the early brain.

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5
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

Possibly 6 but 4 main.

5 can either not develop or be very short lived.

6 under debate.

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6
Q

What do each of the arches contain?

A

Cartilaginous rod - gives rise to skeletal structures

Striated muscle

A cranial nerve

A major artery

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7
Q

What does the first arch give rise to?

A

The maxillary processes

The mandibular processes/meckel’s cartilage - mandible forms around this via intramembranous ossification.

The trigeminal nerve

Muscles of mastication

Ear

Malleus

Incus

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8
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the 2nd arch?

A

Facial nerve

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9
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the 3rd arch?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve

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10
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the 4th arch?

A

The vagus nerve

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11
Q

What pharyngeal arch is the common carotid artery associated with?

A

The 3rd arch

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12
Q

What pharyngeal arch is the aortic arch associated with?

A

The 4th arch

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13
Q

What does the face develop from?

A

5 Prominences around the stomadeum (primitive mouth)

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14
Q

What are the 5 prominences that the face develops from?

A
  1. Frontonasal
  2. Medial nasal
  3. Lateral nasal

Derived from the 1st pharyngeal arch:

  1. Maxillary
  2. Mandibular
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15
Q

What does the Frontonasal prominence gives rise to?

A

(Frontonasal overlays the forebrain.)

Forehead
Bridge of nose

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16
Q

What does the medial nasal prominence gives rise to?

A

Midline of the nose
Philtrum
Primary palate

17
Q

What does the lateral nasal prominence gives rise to?

A

Alae of the nose

18
Q

What does the maxillary prominence gives rise to?

A

Maxilla
Cheeks
Lateral upper lip

19
Q

What does the mandibular prominence gives rise to?

A

Jaw
Lower lip
Chin (when 2 mandibular processes fuse)
Meckel’s cartilage

20
Q

How is the chin formed?

A

From the two mandibular processes fusing

21
Q

What causes a chin dimple?

A

When the two mandibular process partially fuse.

22
Q

What forms the primary palate?

A

The medial nasal prominence

23
Q

What forms the secondary palate/palatal shelves?

A

Maxillary process

24
Q

How do the palatal shelves grow?

A

Initially grow downwards but then rotate and fuse together.

25
Where do the primary and secondary palate fuse together?
At the region of the incisive foramen
26
How are the left and right nasal cavities formed?
The medial nasal prominence grows downwards along with the frontonasal prominence and fuses with the primary and secondary palate at the midline.
27
What can orofacial clefts have an impact on?
Speaking Feeding Hearing - infection Tooth developmental issues
28
What are the causes of orofacial clefts?
Multifactorial Environmental: Smoking Alcohol Viral infection Drugs: Vitamin A analogues
29
What is a cleft lip?
Failure of the maxillary prominence (palatal shelves/secondary palate) fusing to the medial nasal prominence (philtrum of lip and primary palate) Bilateral unilateral
30
Who is most affected by cleft lip? and which side does it most commonly occur on?
Males | Left
31
What is a cleft palate?
Two palatal shelves of the secondary palate (from the maxillary prominence) fail to fuse.
32
Who is most affected by cleft palate and why?
Females - have a later elevation of the palate (week 8) whereas males palate elevates at week 7
33
What bone(s) form from meckels cartilage?
Dorsal end = maleus and incus Ventral end = mandible